Unit 3 - GI Lecture 2 Flashcards
What can cause hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions?
parapoxvirus infection and papillomavirus infection
What specifically does parapoxvirus cause?
bovine papular stomatitis and Orf (contagious ecthyma, sore mouth)
What does papillomavirus infection cause in the oral cavity?
viral induced oral papillomas
What species are commonly affected by parapoxvirus infection?
sheep, goats
What age is typically affected by parapoxvirus infection?
generally young animals
What clinical signs are associated with parapoxvirus infection?
pustular, crusting and proliferative lesions on the non-woolled/non-haired areas of the skin and occasionally in the mouth and esophagus
True or False: Parapoxvirus infection is not contagious
FALSE
What species are commonly affected with viral papillomas?
dogs and cattle
What age is typically affected with viral papillomas?
generally young animals
What clinical signs are associated with papillomavirus infection?
single to multiple cauliflower-like masses on the lips and gums
What is the outcome of papillomavirus infection?
spontaneously recover following the development of immunity
What are the differentials for oral mass-like lesions?
inflammatory, hyperplasia, neoplasia
How does inflammation lead to an oral-mass like lesion?
mass due to an influx of inflammatory cells and the production of granulation tissue or fibrosis
What is oral hyperplasoa often secondary to?
periodontal disease or malocclusion, certain drigs, genetic, viral induced
What benign neoplasms are commonly found in the oral cavity?
peripheral odontogenic fibroma and epulides
What malignant neoplasias are commonly found in the oral cavity?
squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant melanoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma
What clinical signs are associated with oral masses?
facial swelling, excessive salivation, anorexia, weight loss, dysphagia, halitosis, and masses
What is dysphagia?
difficulty in swallowing
How can puncture wounds lead to inflammatory masses?
puncture wounds cause a deep seeded bacterial infection which leads to an inflammatory mass
What signs are associated with infectious inflammatory lesions?
fever, inflammatory leukogram
What are some examples of oral masses due to hypersensitivity reactions?
canine and feline oral eosinophilic granulomas
What is wooden tongue caused by?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
What does Actinobacillus lignieresii cause?
pyogranulomatous to granulomatous inflammation
What are the causes of focal to multifocal gingival hyperplasia?
chronic irritation or viral infection
What are the causes of diffuse gingival hyperplasia?
drug administration or inherited
What is the prognosis if an animal has a peripheral odontogenic fibroma?
good - they are present on the gingiva and are easily excised by surgical excision
What are some gross indicators that an oral mass is more likely benign?
well-demarcated, surface not ulcerated, underlying bone non soft/lytic, adjacent teeth are not loose/absent
What oral masses are common in cats?
squamous cell carcinomas
What are the common sites of oral masses in cats?
tongue and gingiva
What are the common oral masses in dogs?
squamous cell carcinoma, dibrosarcoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, malignant melanoma
The oral and pharyngeal mucosa is the ___ most common site of malignant tumors in the dog?
4th
What are the common sites of canine and feline oral squamous cell carcinomas?
tonsils (dogs), gingiva, lips, tongue
Squamous cell carcinomas in the tonsils of the dog are extra nasty, nasty, or so-so?
extra nasty
What is the behavior of squamous cell carcinomas in the tonsils of dogs?
they are locally invasive and metastasize early and often
Squamous cell carcinomas in the tongues of dogs and cats are extra nasty, nasty, or so-so?
nasty
What is the behavior of squamous cell carcinomas in the tongues of dogs and cats?
locally invasive, frequently recur, regional lymph node metastasis is common (in the dog only)
Squamous cell carcinomas in the gingiva of the dog and cat are extra nasty, nasty, or so-so?
so-so
What is the behavior of squamous cell carcinomas in the gingiva of cats and dogs?
locally invasive, often invades bone, difficult to completely excise, frequent local recurrence (metastasis ranges from 5-10% in dogs, 13-28% in cats)
What gross indicators that an oral mass may be malignant?
poorly-demarcated, surface is ulcerated, underlying bone is soft/lytic, adjacent teeth are loose/abscent
What is the most common oral malignancy in dogs?
malignant melanomas
What are the common sites for malignant melanoma in dogs?
gingiva and lips - may not be black
What is the bilogical behavior of canine oral malignant melanomas?
locally invasive, frequently recur, may invade bone, and metastasis is common
What are the common sites for oral fibrosarcoma?
maxilla and mandible of large, purebred dogs
What is the biological beavior of oral fibrosarcomas?
locally invasive, frequently recur, often invades bone, metastasis is relatively uncommon
What is the origin of acanthomatous ameloblastoma?
odontogenic epithelium
What are the common sites of acanthomatus ameloblastomas?
macilla and mandible
What is the biologic behavior of acanthomatous ameloblastomas?
locally invasive, will infiltrate into bone, not reported to metastasize
What is the prognosis for most oral malignancies?
poor
What are the classes of diseases of the esophagus?
congenital/developmental
obstructive/traumatic
erosive/ulcerative, exudative lesions
mass lesions
What can cause erosive/ulcerative, exudative lesions?
viral and reflux esophagitis
What can cause mass lesions in the esophagus?
inflammation, hyperplasia, neoplasia
What is megaesophagus?
abnormal dilation of esophagus due to a lack of normal contraction
What clinical signs are associated with megaesophagus?
post-prandial regurgitation
What are the two types of megaesophagus?
congenital and acquired
What are the causes of congenital megaesophagus?
genetic or persistent right aortic arch
What breeds are predisposed to genetic congenital megaesophagus?
Great danes, Irish setters, Newfoundlands, German Shepards, Shar pei, Labrador retrievers, Siamese cats, Thoroughbred colts
What causes genetic congenital megaesophagus in wire-haired fox terriers?
autosomal recessive traits
What causes genetic congential megaesophagus in miniature schnauzers?
autosomal dominant traits
What is likely the cause of genetic congenital megaesophagus?
incomplete nerve development in the esophagus
What is acquired megaesophagus?
neuromuscular disease leading to weakness of the esophageal musculature
What are the types of acquired megaesophagus?
primary idiopathic acquired and secondary acquired megaesophagus
What does secondary acquired megaesophagus result from?
another disease causing neuromuscular weakness
What other diseases can cause secondary acquired megaesophagus?
Myasthenia gravis, hypoadrenocorticism, polymyositis, polyradiculoneuritis, lead poisoning, systemic lupus, erthematosus, dysautonomia idiopathic
What is the important sequela to all types of megaesophagus?
aspiration pneumonia
Is vomiting an active or passive process?
active
Is regurgitation an active or passive process?
passive
What does megaesiphagus lead to?
post-prandial regurgitation
What is choke?
obstruction or impaction of the esophagus
What is choke due to?
ingestion of large, inadequately chewed food or masses of fibrous ingesta
What may choke lead to?
pressure necrosiis and ulceration of the esophageal mucosa
What can ingestion of sharp objects lead to?
penetrations which cause a periesophageal infection which may follow the facial planes to the mediastinum thus causing pleuritis
What viruses cause viral esophagitis in cattle?
mucosal disease (BVD), Malignant Cattarrhal Fever (MCF). Rhinderpest
Where are lesions localized due to mucosal disease (BVD) in cattle?
muzzle, oral cavity, esophagus, rumen, abomaasum, intestine, colon
Where lesions localized due to Malignant Catarrhal fever in cattle?
muzzle, oral cavity, esophagus, rumen, abomaasum, intestine, colon
Where are lesions localized due to Rhinderpest in cattle?
oral cavity, esophagus, abomasum, intestine, colon
What is reflux esophagitits?
reflux of gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts onto the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus can lead to ulceration
What may reflux esophagitis be associated with?
chronic vomiting or a hiatal hernia
What may reflux esophagitis lead to?
erosive/ulcerative esophagitis with eventual stricture
What is the pathogenesis of a Spirocerca lupi infection?
- K-9 ingests L3
- Larvae penetrate the gastic mucosa and migrate to the thoracic aorta
- larvae migrate from the aorta to the esophagus
- mature into adults and invoke the development of esophageal fibroplasia/granulomas
What are the consequences of Spirocerca lupi aortic migration?
aortic scarring leading to aneurysms
What are the consequences of Spirocerca lupi causing esopheal fibroplasia/granuloma?
neoplastic transformation to fibrosarcoma or osteosarcoma
What are the clinical signs associated with esophageal fibroplasia/granuloma?
regurgitation, vomiting, decreased food intake, weight loss, emaciation
What are the common diseases of the forestomachs?
traumatic reticuloperitonitis, grain overload, bloat, and rumenitis
What is Traumatic reticuloperitonitis also known as?
hardware disease
What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis caused by?
perforation of the reticulum by a metallic foreign body
What does localized release of the reticulum contents lead to?
abscessation/adhesions
What does extensive release of reticulum contents lead to?
peritonitis
What does migration of the non-sterile object into the thoracic cavity lead to?
pleuritis/pericarditis
What can precipitate traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
increased abdominal pressure in late pregnancy or at parturition
What clinical signs are associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
- sudden drop in milk production
- Depression, loss of appetitie, and weight loss
- Stretched head and neck
- Reluctance to walk, arched back and tucked up abdomen
- Mild rumen bloat
- Audible grunt in early stages
- Elevated temperature
What is grain overload also known as?
rumen acidosis
What is the amount of a feed required to produce grain overload dependent on?
the type of grain
How are the cereal grains ranked in their propensity to cause grain overload?
wheat > barley > corn > oats > sorghum
What is the pathogenesis of rumen acidosis?
- Ingest excessive amounts of readily fermentable carbohydrates
- Bacterial fermentation
- Increased production of acids
- Ruminal pHd drops to below 5
- Gram negative flora and protozoa die
- Rapid proliferation of gram-positive, lactic acid producing bacteria
- rumen pH 4.5-4
8a. rumen atonoy
8b. systemic dehydration
8c. systemic acidosis
8d. cardiovascular collapse, shock, and death
What gross lesions are associated with grain overload?
abundant grain and fluid in the rumen
How do you diagnose grain overload?
check pH
What histological features are seen with grain overload?
vacuolar degeneration of epithelium with focal microabscesses
At necropsy how do you diagnose grain overload?
histopath, wet mounts, and gram stain
What are the sequella to grain overload?
bacterial/mycotic rumenitis or hepatic necrobacillosis
