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Histology > Unit 4 - Hemodynamic Concepts > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Hemodynamic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

How is cardiac output or flow measured?

A 
Flow = perfusion pressure difference/Resistance
CO= Delta P/R or Delta P = CO x R
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2
Q

What does ohms law measure?

A

the flow moving out of the ventricles

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3
Q

What does delta P in Ohm’s law stand for?

A

The change between input pressure and output pressure

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4
Q

What is the input pressure when measuring CO for systemic circulation?

A

the aorta

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5
Q

What is the output pressure when measuring CO for systemic circulation?

A

vena cava/RA

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6
Q

What is the input pressure when measuring CO for pulmonary circulation?

A

pulmonary artery

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7
Q

What is the output pressure when measuring CO for pulmonary circulation?

A

the left atrium

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8
Q

Where is most of the blood in the cardiovascular system ‘stored’?

A

veins

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9
Q

Why is CO from the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart the same?

A

Not all blood comes back to the heart at the same time because it is stored in the veins, so the right and left cardiac output can equal each other even though systemic circulation has so much more blood than pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

What is cross-sectional area of a vessel?

A

the total area of ALL vessels of a single type

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11
Q

In a vessel with a small cross sectional area, is velocity high or low?

A

high

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12
Q

Where is velocity the highest?

A

in the aorta

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13
Q

In a vessel with a high cross sectional area, is velocity high or low?

A

low

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14
Q

Where is velocity the lowest?

A

in the capillaries

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15
Q

What is viscosity?

A

internal fluid resistance of a substance

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16
Q

Is viscosity the same through out the cardiovascular system?

A

No, it can change through different vessels

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17
Q

What is the main determinant of viscosity?

A

PCV

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18
Q

What does a higher hematocrit indicate in relation to resistance and viscocity?

A

higher viscosity, more resistance

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19
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

abnormally high PCV

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20
Q

How does erythrocytosis effect O2 carrying capacity,

viscosity, and cardiac workload?

A

increases O2 carrying capacity, increases viscosity which increases cardiac workload

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21
Q

What is anemia?

A

abnormally low PCV

22
Q

How does anemia effect O2 carrying capacity, viscosity and cardiac workload?

A

it decreases O2 carrying capacity, decreases viscosity, and increases cardiac workload

23
Q

What is resistance?

A

the impediment to blood flow in a vessel

24
Q

How is resistance calculated?

A

R= Change in Pressure/ Cardiac Output

25
Q

What vessel has the highest resistance and why?

A

arterioles because they have muscles

26
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

net resistance of systemic circulation

27
Q

What happens to vascular pressure during exercise?

A

vascular pressure decreases, vessels dilate, more blood flows to the needed muscles

28
Q

What causes pulmonary hypertension?

A

the dramatic increase of pulmonary resistance

29
Q

How does the right ventricle respond to pulmonary hypertension?

A

the right ventricle must generate increased pressure to eject blood

30
Q

What is conductance?

A

a measure of blood flow through a vessel for a given P difference

31
Q

How is conductance calculated?

A

1/R

32
Q

What is Poisuelle’s Law?

A

the rate of flow is directly proportional to the 4th power of the vessels radius

33
Q

In respect to vessel length and width, what has the greatest effect on blood flow through it?

A

vessel width

34
Q

Viscosity and vessel length are ________ proportional to flow.

A

inversely

35
Q

Viscosity and vessel length are _______ proportional to resistance.

A

directly

36
Q

Perfusion pressure is ______ proportional to flow

A

directly

37
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

the flow of blood in streamlines

38
Q

Where is velocity the highest in laminar blood flow?

A

in the center

39
Q

Where is pressure the highest in laminar blood flow?

A

near the wall

40
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

disorganized flow

41
Q

What type of currents are present in turbulent flow, and how does that affect the flow?

A

Eddy currents increase friction (resistance) of flow

42
Q

What are the causes of turbulent flow?

A

increased flow velocity,, obstruction, vessel turn

43
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

a measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur

44
Q

How is Reynold’s number calculated?

A

Reynolds number = (fluid density/fluid viscosity)/(average velocity of fluid x tube diameter)

45
Q

How does an increase in viscosity effect turbulence?

A

it decreases

46
Q

What causes murmurs?

A

when critical Reynold’s number is exceeded - high turbulence

47
Q

What is post stenotic dilation?

A

When a vessel bulges

48
Q

How does post stenotic dilation effect turbulence?

A

A pressure gradient is created and a murmur occurs during the contractile phase

49
Q

What is the Bernoulli relationship?

A

it quantifies the relation between a pressure gradient and velocity

50
Q

How is the Bernoulli relationship clinically useful?

A

it can be used to estimate the severity of a stenosis or obstruction in a vessel

51
Q

How is the Bernoulli relationship calculated?

A

Pressure difference = 4(peak velocity)^2

Histology (36 decks)

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