Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Exam 3 Lecture: Urinary System Organization > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture: Urinary System Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Superficially, what is the role of the kidneys?

A

to clean the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the kidney clean the blood?

A

Via a two step process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first step of the 2-step process the kidney goes though?

A

filtration of blood as it runs through the organ to produce an unfiltrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the second step of the 2-step process the kidney goes through?

A

selective reabsorption of desired components from that filtrate and their return to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the kidney maintain the extracellular fluid?

A

by controlling how much of the filtrate returns to the blood stream and how much of the filtrate remains as urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most important think the kidney does?

A

it handles water and Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What enzymes does the kidney release?

A

renin and EPO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the importance of renin?

A

an important hormone for normal renal function and maintenance of blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the importance of EPO?

A

important for red blood cell production amongst all other things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

dorsally and slightly posteriorly in the lumbar region on either side of the spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the outer covering of the kidney and what is it composed of?

A

the capsule, collagen and some smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the capsule?

A

to provide structural integrity to the kidney, because there is almost no connective tissue in the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two layers of the kidney?

A

the cortex and the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the appearance of the cortex?

A

darker and granular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false: the differences between the cortex and the medulla are only physical

A

false: they are also chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In simple terms, what is the nephron?

A

an epithelial lined tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the number of nephrons proportional to?

A

the size of the kidney; a larger kidney has more nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two classes of the nephron?

A

cortical or juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do the two types of the nephron differ?

A

in their abilities to absorb various things and in the way they respond to some hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the little granular blobs/balls in the cortex?

A

the renal corpusles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cortical labyrinth and where is it located?

A

mess of tubing that is composed of proximal and distal convoluted tubules; located in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the medullary rays and where are they located?

A

extensions of the cortex that project into the medulla containing proximal and distal straight tubules, and the collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is located in the outer medulla?

A

loops of henle, collecting ducts, and distal straight tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is located in the inner medulla?

A

collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the first stage of renal physiology and where does it occur?

A

filtration: blood enters the kidney via the renal artery and gets sent out to renal corpuscles in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What occurs in the glomerulus?

A

blood gets squeezed through the walls of the capillaries for filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the bowmans capsule?

A

to collect the filtrate excreted by the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

the bowmans capsule + the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

where the capillaries enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the urinary pole?

A

where the proximal tubule leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is blood supplied to the glomerulus?

A

by an afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is blood drained from the glomerulus?

A

by the efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What helps generate high pressure in the glomerulus?

A

the stretchiness difference between the efferent and afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which arteriole generates more resistance to blood flow?

A

the efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does the distal straight tubule make contact with arterioles/glomerulus?

A

at the macula densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What about the capillaries of the glomerulus allow blood to get filtered into the urinary space?

A

they are fenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How are the capillaries of the glomerulus supported?

A

by the mesangial cells

40
Q

What is the function of intraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

supportive cells that are also contractile and phagocytic

41
Q

Where are intraglomerular mesangial cells located?

A

in the glomerulus

42
Q

Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells located?

A

near the vascular pole

43
Q

What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells important for?

A

the renin-angiotensin system

44
Q

What is the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle?

A

the part of the bowmans capsule that touches the glomerulus; makes intimate contact with the capillaries

45
Q

What is the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle?

A

the part of the capsule that is not touching the capillaries

46
Q

What is the cell type of the parietal layer?

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

47
Q

What is the cell type of the visceral layer?

A

podocytes

48
Q

What is the function of podocytes?

A

they aid in glomerular filtration

49
Q

What are pedicels?

A

finger like projections of podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

50
Q

What is the first stage of the filtration apparatus?

A

plasma is filtered through pores of capillary and fenestrated capillaries

51
Q

What is the second step if the filtration apparatus?

A

Plasma is filtered b the basal lamina of the visceral layer

52
Q

What are the layers of the basal lamina?

A

2 layers of lamina rara that sandwich the lamina densa within

53
Q

What is the lamina densa made of?

A

collagen

54
Q

What is the 3rd stage of the filtration apparatus?

A

plasma is filtered by slit diaphragm, a protein sheet full of holes secreted by podocytes

55
Q

What is the structure of proximal tubules?

A

cuboidal epithelium, microvilli on the lumen, large basolaterally located nuclei and lots of mitochondria

56
Q

What is the function of proximal tubules?

A

absorption using an active process

57
Q

What is the structure of distal tubules?

A

low cuboidal, more oval apical nuclei, few microvilli, few mitochondria, lumen is not as fuzzy

58
Q

What is the function of distal tubules?

A

reabsorption, but not as powerful as the proximal tubule

59
Q

What are distal tubules impermeable to?

A

H20 and urea

60
Q

What are the regions of the collecting ducts?

A

cortical, medullary, and papillary

61
Q

What cell types are in the cortical collecting ducts?

A

principle and intercalated

62
Q

What is located in principle cortical collecting duct cells?

A

mitochondria and microvili

63
Q

What is are the types of intercalated cells?

A

type A and type B

64
Q

What is the function of type a intercalated cells?

A

excrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-; also reabsorb K+

65
Q

What is the function of type b intercalated cells?

A

Excrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+

66
Q

What type of cells are located in the outer medulla collecting ducts?

A

principle cells and intercalated cells

67
Q

What type of cells are located in the inner medulla collecting ducts?

A

principle cells only

68
Q

What cells are located in the papillary collecting ducts?

A

principle cells

69
Q

Is water permeable in the collecting ducts?

A

no, it is only permeable when ADH is present

70
Q

What is the structure of collecting ducts?

A

cuboidal epithelium, large nucleus with a halo around it, diminished brush border

71
Q

What is the structure of the loops of Henle?

A

simple squamous and few mitochondria, bulging nuclei; have an ascending and descending limb

72
Q

What is the function of descending limb?

A

permeable to H2O but impermeable to Na+

73
Q

What is the function of the ascending limb?

A

not really permeable to H2O but permeable to Na+

74
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular aparatus?

A

in charge of altering GFR

75
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

a specialized group of cuboidal cells on the wall of the distal tubule

76
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

A

at the junction of the straight and convoluted distal tubule

77
Q

What is the structure of the macula densa?

A

densely packed tall cells with no basal lamina

78
Q

What does the lack of basal lamina in the macula densa allow?

A

direct contact between the extraglomerular mesangial cells and justaglomerular cells

79
Q

What do extraglomerular mesangial cells receive a signal from?

A

the macula densa and pass it on to the juxtaglomerular cells

80
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

specialized smooth muscle cells full of renin inclusions

81
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

convey urine from the kidney to the bladder via peristalsis

82
Q

What type of epithelium is the ureter lined with?

A

transitional epithelium

83
Q

What is the function of the transitional epithelium?

A

protection and distension

84
Q

What does the lamina propria in the ureter do?

A

provides a layer of separation from the harmful osmotically active acidic urine and the underlying tissues

85
Q

What are the muscle layers in the ureter?

A

an inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

86
Q

What is the outermost layer of the ureter?

A

tunica adventitia

87
Q

What type of epithelium is in the bladder?

A

transitional epithelium

88
Q

What is the layer directly adjacent to the transitional epithelium of the bladder?

A

2 lamina propria layers - for an osmotic barrier

89
Q

What are the muscle layers of the bladder?

A

a inner longitudinal layer, a middle circle layer, and a outer longitudinal layer

90
Q

What are the muscle layers of the bladder called?

A

the detrusor muscle

91
Q

What does the middle circular muscle layer form

?

A

the internal sphincter muscle

92
Q

What type of muscle is the external sphincter?

A

the skeletal muscle

93
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

convey urine from the bladder during voiding

94
Q

What type of epithelium is in the urethra?

A

transitional

95
Q

What is directly adjacent to the epithelial layer of the urethra?

A

a large lamina propria where muscous glanda are occasionally present

96
Q

What is the mucous gland in the lamina propria of the urethra called?

A

glands of littre

97
Q

What are the muscle layers of the urethra?

A

the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer

Histology (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions