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Histology > Exam 2 Lecture: Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture: Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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2
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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3
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

high lipid concentration of the myelination

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4
Q

Where are tracks of axons located?

A

in the white matter

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5
Q

What is the ascending track?

A

a track of axons from the spinal cord to the brain

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6
Q

What is the descending track?

A

a track of axons from the brain to the spinal cord

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7
Q

What is located in the central canal?

A

CSF

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8
Q

Dorsal root + ventral root =

A

spinal nerve

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9
Q

What type of neurons are in the dorsal root?

A

sensory

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10
Q

What type of neurons are in the ventral root?

A

motor

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11
Q

True or False: the CNS is the first organ system to initiate differentiation as well as the first to be functional

A

False, it is only the first to initiate differentiation

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12
Q

When does the formation of the neural tube normally happen?

A

2-3 days after gastrolation

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13
Q

Of what origin is the neural tube?

A

the ectoderm

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14
Q

How does the neural fold play a role in the development of the neural tube?

A

they grow up throughout development, once they contact each other, the neural tube separates from the ectoderm and drifts away from the embryo

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15
Q

Where does the neural tube begin to form at?

A

the cervical cranial thoracic area

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16
Q

In what direction does the neural tube form?

A

in a cranial to caudal direction

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17
Q

What are the two communications of the neuropore?

A

the rostral and the caudal

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18
Q

Where is the neural crest cell located?

A

on the surface of the ectoderm as the neural folds are trying to make contact

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19
Q

What are the neural crest cell derivatives?

A

all of the ganglia in the body; sensory ganglia of our cranial nerves, enteric ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia, synmpathetic ganglia, schwann cells, adrenal medulla

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20
Q

What are the components of the structure of the neural tube?

A

neural canal, ependymal cells, mantel layer, roof and floor plates

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21
Q

What are the plates of the mantel layer?

A

basal plate and alar plate

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22
Q

What does the alar plate give rise to?

A

dorsal horn; sensory predominant structures

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23
Q

What does the basal plate give rise to?

A

ventral horn; motor structures

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24
Q

What causes the formation of the fissure and sulcus?

A

created because the roof plate and the floor plate are not doing anything (replicating)

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25
Q

How is the ventral root created?

A

neurons residing in the ventral horn project their axons out to meet a target

26
Q

How is the dorsal root created?

A

neurons residing in the dorsal root ganglia project axons out to the periphery and to the dorsal horn

27
Q

What causes the cauda equina?

A

In early development, the sacral nerves join with a muscle on the other side of the vertebra, as the spinal cord begins to see differential growth, the spinal cord moves in a cranial direction thus elongating the root of the nerve to keep the connection with the muscle

28
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

neural tube closing issue

29
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

the most mild case of spina bifida, usually only affects 1 vertebra

30
Q

Myeloschisis

A

failure of the neural tube to close

31
Q

Meningiomylocele

A

meninges prolapses through the area that the vertebral arch should be

32
Q

What does the brain begin as?

A

a neural tube with a neural canal inside of it, the body wall in the periphery with a mantel and marginal layer

33
Q

What is brain development caused by?

A

dilations (vesicles)

34
Q

What are the three primary vesicles that brain development begins with?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

35
Q

What does the forebrain divide into?

A

2 secondary vesicles (1 and 2)

36
Q

What does the midbrain divide into?

A

nothing, remains the midbrain or 3rd vesicle, does not dilate

37
Q

What does the hindbrain divide into?

A

2 secondary vesicles (4 and 5)

38
Q

What does the wall and the cavity of the 1st secondary vesicle become?

A

wall: central hemispheres
cavity: lateral ventricles

39
Q

What does the wall and the cavity of the 2nd secondary vesicle become?

A

wall: thalmus
cavity: third ventricle

40
Q

What does the wall and the cavity of the 3rd secondary vesicle become?

A

wall: midbrain
cavity: aqueduct

41
Q

What does the wall and the cavity of the 4th secondary vesicle become?

A

wall: pons and cerebellum
cavity: upper part of the fourth ventricle

42
Q

What does the wall and the cavity of the 5th secondary vesicle become?

A

wall: medulla
cavity: lower part of the fourth ventricle

43
Q

What structures are involved in hind brain development?

A

basal and alar plate(nuclei are derived from this plate)

44
Q

What structure is vital in forming the cerebellum and pons?

A

rhombic lip

45
Q

What are the three layers of the rhombic lip?

A

external germinal layer, purkinje neurons, cerebellar nuclei

46
Q

Which layer of the rhombic lip adds to the majority of the bulk of our cerebellum?

A

the external germ layer

47
Q

How do the cells of the external germ layer make connections with the purkinje neurons?

A

they eventually separate from the external germ layer and descent into the cerebellum; this process produces an axon and creates a connection as they pass the purkinje fibers

48
Q

What does panleukopenia and BVD target?

A

the external germinal layer

49
Q

How does the cerebrum layer develop?

A

cells in the mantel layer begin dividing and get a signal to migrate so they migrate out to the marginal layer. This process of division and migration continues in order to create more and more layers of cells

50
Q

What is multiple layer migration vital in?

A

forming the sulcus(depression) and gyrus (elevation)

51
Q

cerebellar hypoplasia

A

reduced size of the cerebellum

52
Q

anencephaly

A

‘no brain’, rostral neural pore fails to close

53
Q

lissencephaly

A

waves of migration did not occur as they should have

54
Q

cranium bifidum

A

skull cannot form correctly around the brain

55
Q

hydrocephalus

A

increased CSF pressure

56
Q

Of what is the pituitary gland in origin?

A

ectodermal

57
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary develop from?

A

ectoderm from the forebrain

58
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the brain?

A

directly via an axon that is connected to a neuron in the brain

59
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary develop form?

A

ectoderm coming from the mouth

60
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the brain?

A

the axon connected to the neuron in the brain terminates on the portal vein, then the portal vein connects to the anterior pituitary

Histology (36 decks)

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