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Histology > Control of Circulation > Flashcards

Control of Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What mechanisms regulate Ca entry?

A

Pharmacomechanical coupling, electrochemical coupling, Ca-calmodulin complex

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2
Q

How does pharmacomechanical coupling work?

A

G-protein activates PLC which activates IP3 which increases Ca release

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3
Q

How does electromechanical coupling regulate Ca entry?

A

Ca is released via voltage gated channels in the sarcolemmaq

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4
Q

How does the Ca-Calmodulin complex work?

A

Ca binds to calmodulin to change its comformation, it phosphorylates inactive myosin through ATP hydrolysis, ATP binds to myosin causing it to flex

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5
Q

What are the intrinsic mechanisms for the control of peripheral blood flow?

A

autoregulation, metabolic regulation, and endothelial regulation

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6
Q

What is the MOST important intrinsic mechanism to control peripheral blood flow?

A

Metabolic regulation

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7
Q

What is the end result of metabolic regulation?

A

the washout of CO2, lactic acid, and metabolites

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8
Q

What does metabolic regulation depend on?

A

basal tone

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9
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

increase in organ blood flow that is associated with increased metabolic activity of an organ or tissue

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10
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

the transient increase in organ blood flow that occurs following a brief period of ischemia

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11
Q

What is ischemia?

A

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

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12
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

the constant flow of blood to tissue despite blood pressure fluctuations

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13
Q

What does increased transmural pressure cause?

A

vasoconstriction

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14
Q

In what range does autoregulation maintain flow?

A

60-190 mmHg

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15
Q

Below the autoregulatory range, what happens to flow?

A

it decreases as perfusion pressure decreases

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16
Q

What is critical closing pressure?

A

when blood pressure is below critical value

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17
Q

What happens when BP is below critical closing pressure?

A

arterioles close and flow stops

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18
Q

What regulates endothelial regulation?

A

paracrines

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19
Q

What does nitric oxide cause?

A

vasodilation

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20
Q

What does prostacyclin cause?

A

vasodilation

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21
Q

What does endothelin I cause?

A

vasoconstriction

22
Q

What are extrinsic mechanisms of peripheral blood flow

A

Nervous system and humoral regulation, sympathetic, and parasympathetic

23
Q

Is extrinsic control necessary for peripheral blood flow?

A

no

24
Q

When does nervous system and humoral regulation come into play?

A

during exercise, hemorrhage, and the like

25
Q

What is the adrenergic response?

A

sympathetic control

26
Q

How does the adrenergic response work?

A

it releases norepinephrine to activate the cardiovascular system

27
Q

What is the adrenergic response also known as?

A

the pressor response

28
Q

What is the cholinergic response?

A

parasympathetic control

29
Q

How does the cholinergic response work?

A

acetyl choline release to inhibit the heart

30
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

stretch receptors

31
Q

Where type of baroreceptors are there?

A

atrial and carotid sinus baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary

32
Q

What is the end goal of extrinsic peripheral blood flow?

A

arterial pressure regulation

33
Q

What is the most important mechanism for acute blood pressure control?

A

the arterial baroreceptor reflex

34
Q

In the arterial baroreceptor reflex, what does an increase in blood pressure cause?

A

increase stretch, increase in afferent traffic, decrease in sympathetic output, and therefore vasodilation

35
Q

In the arterial baroreceptor reflex, what does an decrease in blood pressure cause?

A

decrease stretch, decreased afferent traffic, decreased sympathetic output, and therefore vasoconstriction

36
Q

What does chronic stimulation of the arterial baroreceptor reflex cause?

A

a decrease in receptor sensitivity

37
Q

What is the blood pressure range for maximum firing of the arterial baroreceptor reflex?

A

180-200 mmHg

38
Q

What is the blood pressure range for no stimulation of the arterial baroreceptor reflex?

A

50-60 mmHg

39
Q

What are the hormonal vasoconstrictor agents involved in controlling blood pressure?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopresin

40
Q

What are hormonal vasodilator agents involved in controlling blood pressure?

A

natriuretic peptides and ‘various agents’

41
Q

How does epinephrine work in skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

it is a mild vasodilator

42
Q

When are hormonal vasodilator agents released?

A

in response to stretch

43
Q

How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulate blood pressure?

A

by regulating blood volume because it is a potent vasoconstrictor

44
Q

What does angiotensin II cause in regards to the renal system (why is this important, I have no idea)?

A

it causes salt and water retention due to the aldosterone release from the adrenal glands

45
Q

How does the renal-body fluid mechanism work in response to high blood pressure?

A

there is a direct increase in renal output of Na and water which decreases extracellular fluid retention and blood volume to lower blood pressure

46
Q

How does the renal-body fluid mechanism work in response to low blood pressure?

A

it decreases renal output of Na and water which causes fluid retention and increased blood pressure

47
Q

What are short term mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure in response to an acute change in pressure?

A

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, CNS ischemic response, Renin-Angiotensin vasoconstriction

48
Q

What is the long term mechanism that regulates arterial blood pressure in response to an acute change in blood pressure?

A

Renin-blood volume pressure control

49
Q

Where are atrial and coronary baroreceptors located

A

located in carotid sinus

50
Q

What is the function of atrial and coronary baroreceptors?

A

respond to vessel stretch and deformation caused by increase in blood pressure; inhibits sympathetic output which leads to lower blood pressure

51
Q

What type of baroreceptors are cardiopulmonary baroreceptors?

A

low pressure receptors

52
Q

What do cardiopulmonary baroreceptors respond to?

A

a decrease in volume

Histology (36 decks)

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