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Histology > Exam 2 Lecture - Neuroglia > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture - Neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

in the CNS

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2
Q

What do the ependymal cells surround?

A

the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricle

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3
Q

What is the structure of the ependymal cells?

A
  • cuboidal to columnar cells

- the apical surface is lined with cilia

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4
Q

What are the functions of the ependymal cells?

A

assist with CSF circulation

form the choroid plexus

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5
Q

What are choroid epithelium?

A

modified ependymal cells - microvilli

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6
Q

What is the function of the choroid epithelium?

A

in charge of CSF production

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7
Q

What is the most abundant neuroglia of the CNS?

A

astrocytes

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8
Q

Where are astrocytes located?

A

the CNS

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9
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • respond to injury- proliferate to form scar tissue

- Maintain optimal CNS environment

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10
Q

How do astrocytes maintain optimal CNS environment?

A
  • induct and maintain capillary endothelium as the blood brain barrier
  • help transport glucose to neurons
  • store glycogen
  • promote neuronal survival
  • prevent glutamate neurotoxicity
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11
Q

What does the choroid epithelium create?

A

the blood-csf barrier

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12
Q

How does the choroid epithelium prevent leakage in between cells?

A

tight junctions

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13
Q

What is the choroid plexus made up of?

A

choroid epithelium and connective tissue

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue of the choroid plexus composed of?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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15
Q

How is the capillary tight junction formed and maintained?

A

Via the glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) that is released by astrocytes

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16
Q

What is the function of the CSF?

A
  • provides physical support of the CNS
  • maintains the chemical environment of the CNS
  • regulates intracranial pressure
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17
Q

How does the CSF maintain the chemical environment of the CNS?

A

it removes metabolites for optimal extracellular fluid

18
Q

How does CSF regulate the intracranial pressure?

A
  • the CSF and blood volume vary inversely

- an increase in CSF absorption leads to a decrease in CSF production

19
Q

How do capillary endothelium function (blood brain barrier) with the blood and CNS tissue?

A

regulate the exchange of solutes between the layers

20
Q

If something wants to enter or leave the blood brain barrier, what does it need to go through?

A

the wall of the capillary

21
Q

Through what processes does the blood brain barrier regulate the exchange of solutes between the blood and CNS tissue?

A
  • diffusion

- transportation (carrier mediated)

22
Q

What does the blood brain barrier diffuse across the cell?

A

water, gasses, lipophilic substances (alccohol, nicotine, heroin, cyanide)

23
Q

What does the blood brain barrier use carrier mediated transport for?

A
  • amino acids if they are not synthesized in the brain

- vitamins

24
Q

What amino acids are normally transported across the blood brain barrier?

A

Large neutral amino acids

25
Q

What is tyrosine changed into in the brain?

A

catecholamine

26
Q

What is tryptophan changed into in the brain?

A

serotonin

27
Q

What amino acids are normally not transported across the blood brain barrier?

A

small neutral amino acids

28
Q

Where are microglia located?

A

CNS

29
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

once activated, they respond to tissue damage and remove debris by phagocytosis

30
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

A

CNS

31
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

increase conduction by myelinating axons that are 1 micro meter or greater

32
Q

Where are schwann cells located?

A

PNS

33
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A
  • increase conduction velocity by myelinating axons

- Also support axons under 1 micrometer, but do not myelinate

34
Q

What is the process of myelination?

A
  • cell processes elongate and encircle the axon

- one process starts wrapping the plasma membrane around the axon

35
Q

What is the difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?

A

myelinated axons are larger and conduct impulses quickly

non-myelinated axons are small and slowly conduct impulses

36
Q

What is a nerve fiber composed of?

A

axon and schwann cells

37
Q

What is the connective tissue of a nerve fiber?

A

endoneurium

38
Q

What is a fascicle composed of?

A

nerve fibers

39
Q

What is the connective tissue of the fascicle?

A

perineurium

40
Q

What are multiple fascicles considered?

A

a nerve

41
Q

What is the connective tissue of the nerve?

A

epineurium

Histology (36 decks)

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