UNIT 4 - Ch. 24 Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
define nutrition?
A
a process involved by digestion, absorption and use of food and fluids by the body for growth, function and health maintenance.
2
Q
Define metabolism
A
chemically changing nutrients such as lipids and proteins into products that are used to meet body energy needs and carry out body processes or store for later.
3
Q
what is the normal range for pre-albumin?
A
10-36 mg/dl
4
Q
What is the normal range for albumin?
A
3.5 - 5.5
5
Q
What does protein do for the body? why is it a danger if it’s low?
A
protein helps with tissue growth, repair and immune function.
Without it wounds the pt may get may be harder to heal or more at risk for infection.
6
Q
What are some food example of PROTEIN
A
meat, milk, eggs, cheese, legumes, nuts, soy products
7
Q
What does the pre-albumin lab tell us.
A
the nutrition level of the patient. If they are deficient this could impact wound healing and immunity
8
Q
What does the Lab BUN tell us and what is the normal range
A
6-20
BUN (ALONE) tell us the hydration level of the pt
9
Q
What does creatinine AND BUN tells us + what is the normal range for creatnine
A
0.6-1.3
the kidney function of the pt.
if it’s low this could mean renal deficiency or impairment.
10
Q
What is transferrin and what does it do to the body
A
a protein produced by the liver, helps in regulating the absorption of iron into the blood.
11
Q
what are the two categories of carbohydrates?
A
Simple
Complex
12
Q
How many kcal do carbohydrates produce
A
4 kcal / g
13
Q
What are carbohydrates biggest role to the body
A
Biggest energy source!
14
Q
What are simple carbohydrates
A
broken down quickly by the body to be used as energy.
- found in fruits, milk, and milk products, also found in candy, table sugar, syrups, and soft drinks.
15
Q
What are complex carbohydrates
A
made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains.
- Fiber!
- found in foods such as peas, beans, whole grains, and vegetables.
16
Q
What is Fiber and what are the two categories.
A
A complex carbohydrate that can be INSOLUBLE or SOLUBLE. Aids in clumping together digested foods to aid in bowel movement regularity.
17
Q
define Soluble fiber
A
- dissolves in water to form a gel-like material.
- help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels.
found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley and psyllium.
18
Q
define insoluble fiber
A
found in foods such as wheat bran, vegetables, and whole grains.
It adds bulk to the stool and appears to help food pass more quickly through the stomach and intestines.
19
Q
how many kcal is in protein
A
4 kcal / g
20
Q
what are the two types of protein - define both
A
complete -contains all essential amino acids needed, from one source
incomplete- does not contain all essential amino acids from one source
21
Q
Why is protein important for the body
A
Muscle growth
wound healing!
immune system
repair tissues
22
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E and K
23
Q
how many kcal do fats produce
A
9 kcal/ g
24
Q
what are lipids
A
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats found in the body
The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.
examples: waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
25
What are triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of lipid that circulates in your blood.
- most common type of fat in your body.
butter, oils, and other fats you eat. also come from extra calories your body does not need right away.
26
What does water do for the body
- helps control temperature
- maintaining acid- base balance (PH)
- regulates fluids (electrolytes)
- transports nutrients
27
What are two problems associated with Water
- Dehydration
- Fluid overload
28
What are vitamins
Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development. There are 13 essential vitamins.
29
what are the 13 essential vitamins
- A
- C
- D
- E
- K
- B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12, and folate)
30
What are the water soluble vitamins
C and b vitamins
31
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K
32
What is vitamin A important for?
What can a deficiency do?
list some foods high in this vitamin.
- normal vision
- immune system
- reproduction
- growth and development
- heart
- lungs
Deficiency can cause
- night blindness
- low immunity
- impaired growth and development.
FOODS
Certain vegetables and fruits, as well as animal products, are good sources of vitamin A. This includes kale, spinach, mango, and guava, as well as beef, chicken, fish, cheese, and eggs.
33
What is vitamin D important for?
What can a deficiency do?
list some foods high in this vitamin.
SUNSHINE VITAMIN
promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal bone mineralization and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms).
LOW
can cause muscle cramps, bones pain, fractures or breaks, weakness
FOODS
milk, fish (Salmon!) orange juice mushrooms, egg yolks
34
What is vitamin E important for?
What can a deficiency do?
list some foods high in this vitamin.
helps maintain healthy skin and eyes, and strengthen the body's natural defence against illness and infection (the immune system).
deficiency may cause impaired reflexes (neurological issues ) and coordination, difficulty walking, and weak muscles.
sunflower seeds
pine nuts
peanut butter
avocado
fish
red bell peppers
35
What is vitamin K important for?
What can a deficiency do?
list some foods high in this vitamin.
Vitamin K is produced in the gut.
the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal and immune health
Deficiency can lead to bruising easily, blood leaks or imapired wound healing. BABIES ARE NATURALLY BORN WITH STERILE GUTS.... they are born without natural vitamin K (at risk)
green leafy vegetables such as kale, collard greens, broccoli, spinach, cabbage, and lettuce.
36
What is vitamin C important for?
What can a deficiency do?
list some foods high in this vitamin.
growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It helps the body make collagen, an important protein used to make skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C is needed for healing wounds, and for repairing and maintaining bones and teeth.
deficiency can lead to bruising or bleeding easily, anemia, poor wound healing, dry skin, loosing teeth
citrus fruit, such as oranges and orange juice.
peppers.
strawberries.
blackcurrants.
broccoli.
brussels sprouts.
potatoes.
37
LIST THE 8 B vitamis
What are B vitamins important for?
list some foods high in this vitamin.
Thiamin (B1)
riboflavin (B2)
niacin (B3)
pantothenic acid (B5)
pyridoxine (B6)
biotin (B7)
folate or 'folic acid' when included in supplements (B9)
cobalamin (B12).
B vitamins have a direct impact on your energy levels, brain function, and cell metabolism. Vitamin B complex may help prevent infections and help support or promote: cell health. growth of red blood cells.
Clams. ...
Sunflower Seeds. ...
Almonds. ...
Tuna. ...
Mackerel. ...
Spinach. ...
Milk. ...
Fortified Non-Dairy Milk. You might have noticed that B12 is kind of hard to come by if you aren't eating meat or dairy.
38
What are the primary vitamins the support wound healing?
C and K
39
What is the difference between fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins
- fat-soluble (easily stored in fat upon absorption)
- water-soluble (washed out and not easily stored).
40
list the minerals in the body
- iron
- potassium
- sodium chloride
- calcium ( phosphorus and magnesium)
41
what does iron do for the body and what is the normal lab range
Males: 50-150 mcg/ dl
Females: 35- 145 mcg/ dl
transfers oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
42
what does potassium do for the body and what is the normal lab range
3.5 - 5.0
proper functioning of nerve and muscles cells, particularly HEART muscle cells
43
what does calcium do for the body and what is the normal lab value?
list the two subgroups of calcium
calcium: 8.6 - 10
-build and maintain strong bones
phosphorus
magnesium
44
What does Sodium chloride do for the body and what is a normal lab range.
135-145
maintains cellular integrity
maintainins acid-base (PH) balance.
45
normal lab range for glucose
70-100
46
normal magnesium lab range
1.6- 2.6
47
during nursing nutrition assessments what things do you want to look for
-allergies
- food preferences
- lab levels
- oral hygiene
- BMI
-elimination patterns
- culture
- screening for malnutrition
- history
48
What does D.E.T.E.R.M.I.N.E stand for
Disease
Eating poorly
Tooth loss
Economic hardship
Reduced social contact
Medications
Involuntary weight loss
Needs assistance
Elderly
49
Define Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
50
Define malabsorption
inadequate absorption of nutrients in digestive tract
51
define anemia
what can happen during Digestive alterations to cause this
lack of RBC
may result from lack of B12 cobalamin, B9 folic acid and iron.
52
What are Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain, spine or spinal cord that happen in fetuses within the first month of pregnancy.
this can happen from lack of folic acid in the mother during gestation
53
what is anorexia nervosa
Anorexia is characterized by a distorted body image, with an unwarranted fear of being overweight.
Symptoms include trying to maintain a below-normal weight through starvation or too much exercise.
54
define anorexia
the result of an eating disorder characterized by restriction of food intake leading to low body weight
55
define bulimia nervosa
Bulimia is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder.
People with this condition binge eat. They then take steps to avoid weight gain. Most commonly, this means vomiting (purging). But it can also mean excessive exercising or fasting.
56
What is a vegetarian diet mean?
NO MEATS
- vegetarians get their nutrients from plant proteins like legumes/ leafy greens/ whole grains/ fruits.
57
What is a vegan diet mean?
NO ANIMAL PRODUCTS
- this generally also means no animal products used in anything (shampoo, clothes, makeup...etc)
- vegans get their nutrients from fully plant based products. plant proteins, chickpeas, whole grains, fruits.
58
What is a Kosher diet and what does it include and exclude.
Jewish Religion
- no pork, shellfish, rare meats, no blood, and no combining meat + dairy product!!! must wait at least 30 min in between.
they CAN eat some fish, vegetables, grains with dairy, fruits, meats with dairy (excluding pork)
59
what is a Catholic diet and what does it include and exclude.
Catholic Religion
this includes days of fasting (especially Fridays during lent)
LENT starts from Ash Wednesday March 5 - April 17 (sundown on Holy Thursday)
no specific foods excluded.
60
What is Islamic traditional diet and what is included and what is excluded in this.
Islamic Religion - it is the 9th month in the islamic calendar
NO PORK
month long fasting during Ramadan
Ramadan starts from Feb 28- March 30 th
61
What diet do Seventh day Adventists follow?
Vegetarian diet... (no meats)
they also follow
- no alcohol
62
What is a clear liquid diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
Any substance that is liquid at room temp and you can see through it
EXCLUDED FOODS:
-Milk
- orange juice
- creamed soups
- ice cream
- all solid foods
- Anything you can not see through!
63
What is a Full liquid diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
Any substance that is liquid at room temp
FOR ADVANCING THE DIET
EXCLUDED
- soups other than creamed or bouillon
- All solid foods
64
What is a Low residue diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
Foods that are almost or completely absorbed by the body and leave very little residue to expel through elimination
EXCLUDED
- Whole grains
- high fiber cereals
- nuts, seeds
- legumes
- fruits and vegetables
65
What is a Soft regular diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
Easily chewed foods
TO HELP WITH DYSPHAGIA OR CHEWING
EXCLUDED
- raw fruits and vegetables
- dried fruits
- seeds
- nuts
66
What is a High Fiber diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
At least 30 grams of fiber
EXCLUDED
- White flour
- White rice
- potatoes
- processed grains
- refined products
- canned/ processed food
67
What is a Low Fat diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
30% or less of the total caloric intake for the day
EXCLUDED
- Fried foods
- margarine / Butter
- mayonnaise
- dressings
- oils
- gravies
- red meats
68
What is a Low Sodium diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
2 grams of sodium or less per day
EXCLUDED
- Cured & smoked meats
- canned/ processed foods
- buttermilk
- salt
- tomatoes
69
What is a Protein Restricted diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
Provides increased amounts of kilocalories and protein in small volumes
FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE
EXCLUDED
- beans
- lentils
- green peas
- high protein anything!!
- 2% milk or skim milk
70
What is a Bland diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
limits foods that stimulate gastric acid
EXCLUDED
- Alcohol
- caffeine
- chocolate
- spices
- pepermint
- fried foods
- dairy products
71
What is a ovolactovegetarian diet
Vegetarian diet but with variations
WILL eat meat and eggs
72
What is a lactovegetarian diet
Vegan diet but with variations
WILL drink milk but will avoid all other animal products.
73
What is a Mediterranean diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
mostly plant-based foods and healthy fats and some lean meats
- vegetables,
- fruit, beans, lentils and nuts.
- whole grains ( whole-wheat bread and brown rice)
- extra virgin olive oil (a source of healthy fat.)
- fish ( especially fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids.)
- natural cheese and yogurt.
- poultry, fish or beans
- red wine
EXCLUDED
- red meats
- sweets
- sugary drinks
- butter
74
What is a Low Cholesterol diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
Diet low in fat, especially saturated fats and transfats, FAT FREE options
EXCLUDED
- fatty meals
- pork
- processed foods / meats (cold cuts, hot dogs)
- organ meats
- eggs
- cheese
- dairy
75
What is a Asian diet - what foods fall under this category.
The Asian diet is relatively low in meat and dairy foods.
INCLUDED FOODS
nuts, seeds, legumes
leafy vegetables
strong spices,
rice and noodles,
tofu
soy products
seafood
76
What is a Indian diet - what foods fall under this category.
What foods are EXCLUDED
The basic north Indian diet consists of Lentils (contains vitamin A, B, C, E, are rich in calcium, iron, potassium, dietary fibers, help in controlling blood sugar, blood cholesterol and increases digestion), Grains (contains wheat, jowar, bajra, barley, these are rich in fibers, carbohydrate), fresh Vegetables
- turmeric
- chilly
EXCLUDED
- candy, soda, sugar, syrup
- white rice, white pasta, white bread
- butter / milk/ cheese
- eggs
- red meats
- fried foods
- Alcohol
77
What is a Hispanic diet - what foods fall under this category.
black and red beans, avocado, colored vegetables like peppers and tomatoes, yams and plantains, grilled lean meats, brown rice, and corn oil or olive oil, seafood.
78
What is a Hindu diet?
vegetarian meal is based on a combination of grains such as rice and wheat, legumes, green vegetables, and dairy products.
no beef!
animal fat was avoided
79
What is something about Jehovah Witness "culture" rules
They do not accept bodily fluids from anyone, once something leaves their body it is no longer a part of them.
no blood transfusions.
80
How do Orthodox Jews celebrate the Sabbath?
and what day of the week is it?
Sabbath is on Saturday
- during this time no electricity is used (no lights or monitors on in rooms)
81
What is one aspect of culture that is similar between Latino families and Asian families?
Elders have the highest respect due to their age. young are not seen to be wise.
82
What is a fact about Asian culture and important to remember when providing care.
it is disrespectful to them to look in someones eyes, whoever is in authority, pt may look at the ground out of respect)
83
What is the appropriate food temp when heating
140 + degrees.
84
What is the appropriate fridge temp?
40 degrees or below
85
What is the cut off time for food sitting out
2 hours cut off
86
What does melatonin regulate in the body
sleep and wake cycle
87
What does Cortisol regulate in the body
daytime wakefullness
