UNIT 3 - Ch. 33 Oxygenation Flashcards
What body system controls the Respiratory and cardiac tracts
The Brainstem
What labs are commonly used for finding Respiratory problems
ABG’s
arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood as well your blood’s pH balance.
Define Bronchodilation
Expansion (opening) of the airways in the lungs and tissues.
Define Bronchoconstriction
Restriction (closing) of the airways in the lungs and tissues.
Define Retractions and why are they bad to see…
The areas below the ribs, between the ribs, and in the neck sink in with each attempt to inhale.
These are signs that someone is working harder than normal to breathe = respiratory distress
What physiology happens during INHALATION
- Diaphragm contracts
- intercostal muscles contracts
- thorax size increases
- Lungs have a negative pressure
What physiology happens during EXHALATION
- Diaphragm relaxes
- intercostal muscles relax
Define Lung Compliance
It refers to the ability of the lungs to stretch and expand.
Define Airway resistance
the change in transpulmonary pressure needed to produce a unit flow of gas through the airways of the lung.
More simply put, it is the pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli of the lung, divided by airflow.
Define Ventilation
Ventilation (V) refers to the flow of air into and out of the alveoli,
Define Perfusion
Perfusion (Q) refers to the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries.
Define Surfactant
Surfactant is a mixture of fat and proteins made in the lungs. Surfactant coats the alveoli This prevents the alveoli from sticking during inhalation
What is an Alveoli
the air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the body
What happens during Gas Exchange
During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs.
Common Developmental problems for an INFANT, and why…
Apnea (lack of breathing)
- due to immature lower airways and systems
Common Developmental problems for TODDLERS and why…
Risk of URI’s ( Upper respiratory infections) due to small airways.
Common Developmental health problems for SCHOOL AGE- ADOLECNCES , and why…
Asthma is the most common due to exposure
Rhinitis (a cold) is the most common acute illness due to lack of immunity
Common Developmental problems for YOUNG - MIDDLE ADULT and why…
Respiratory failures of weakening due to Smoking / tobacco use
Common Developmental problems for OLDER ADULTS, and why…
High risk of infections due to
- decreased lung expansion
- weakened cough ability
- weakened ability to expel foreign objects
- weaker immune response
Define Mucocillary Clearance
The ability to expel foreign objects out of the body through coughing.
what level of edema is 0mm
0+ No pitting edema
what level of edema is 2mm
1+ Mild pitting edema
what level of edema is 4mm
2+ Moderate pitting edema
what level of edema is 6mm
3+ Moderately severe pitting edema.
what level of edema is 8mm
4+ severe pitting edema
What is Cyanosis
Blue-ish tint to skin tone due to lack of oxygenation to the body systems or lungs
Define Peripheral Pulses
A peripheral pulse refers to palpating the high-pressure wave of blood moving away from the heart through vessels in the extremities following systolic ejection.
Define Hypoxia
Hypoxia is the lack of oxygen circulating the body
Define Hypoxemia
an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood.
- can happen due to a bleeding issue.
- can lead to hypoxia
S/S of Hypoxia
- wheezing
- fatigue
-clubbing of nails - coughing
- shortness of breath
- Tachycardia
- low O2 saturation
- Cyanosis
- ## Bradycardia (severe- Heart failure)
What does Clubbing of the nails indicate
Low O2 levels in the body
long term = chronic hypoxia
What is a normal SpO2 level %? What about in a patient with COPD?
HEALTHY PT:
Normal 95%-99%
If less than 92%, intervention needed
If less than 88%, home O2 needed
COPD PT:
Normal can range from 88%-92%
If less than 88%, intervention needed
What is a normal COPD SpO2 level %
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
88%-92%
- going over this by giving oxygen therapy can hurt more than heal.
Define COPD
- list two examples
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease
- Bronchitis
- Emphsema
What does it mean when someone has a productive cough
A productive cough is when sputum is coming up and out of the body.
Define Hemoptysis
Blood present in the Sputum.
What is Aspiration Pneumonia
occurs when oral or gastric contents are aspirated into the lungs, leading to infection.
What are some risks associated with getting aspiration pneumonia
- dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- poor oral health
- food entering lungs
What is a incentive spirometer
medical device that assists in restoring lung function.
What is a combo med
a medication with a bronchodilator + steroid
Define Hyperglycemia
what is the normal range
High Blood glucose levels
normal range (70-100)
Define Hypokalemia
what is the normal range
Low potassium levels
normal levels (3.5-5.0)
Define retractions
the muscles are pulled inward and occur between the ribs when inspiration occurs. intercostal retractions are a sign of hypoxia and severe respiratory distress
Define lung compliance
the point to which a lung can expand in response to increased pressure within the alveoli
Define airway resistance
the pressure that exists when the diameter of the airway is narrowed
Most common chronic disease of childhood
asthma
Most common acute illness of childhood
Rhinitis
