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A-Level Biology > Unit 3, structure of the heart,circulatory system and cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Unit 3, structure of the heart,circulatory system and cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

It can contract without nervous or hormonal stimulation

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2
Q

What are the properties of the cardiac muscle?

A

it has a thick muscular layer in the walls of the heart, it is myogenic, it never fatigues as long as there is a supply of oxygen.

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3
Q

What are the properties of the coronary arteries?

A

supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

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4
Q

What will happen if the coronary artery is blocked?

A

The cardiac muscle will not receive oxygen, so cells will not be able to respire, resulting in myocardial infarction

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5
Q

Where is the coronary artery?

A

They branch off the aorta

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6
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

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7
Q

What are the 4 chambers?

A

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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8
Q

What are the properties of the atria?

A
  • thinner muscular walls compared to the ventricle
  • elastic walls to stretch when blood enters
  • do not need to contract as hard as they pump blood to the ventricles
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9
Q

What are the properties of the right ventricle?

A
  • pumps blood to lungs at low pressure to prevent damage to capillaries and so blood flows slowly to allow time for gas exchange.
  • thinner walls compared to left ventricle
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10
Q

What are the properties of the left ventricle ?

A
  • pumps blood at high pressure to ensure it gets to all cells in the body
  • thicker walls compared to right ventricle for larger contractions of the muscle to create higher pressure
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11
Q

What are the two veins?

A

-vena cava
-pulmanory vein

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12
Q

What is the property of the vena cava? ( body vein)

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart

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13
Q

What is the property of the pulmanory vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs intro left atrium

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14
Q

What are the two arteries?

A
  • pulmanory artery
  • aorta
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15
Q

What is the properties of the pulmanory artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to lungs to become oxygenated

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16
Q

What is the properties of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the rest of the body

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17
Q

Explain four ways in which the aorta is adapted for its function.

A
  • elastic tissue to allow stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure
  • muscle for contraction and vasoconstriction
  • semi lunar valve to prevent back flow
  • thick walls to withstand pressure
  • smooth endothelium to reduce pressure
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18
Q

What are the two valves?

A
  • semi lunar
  • atrioventricular valve
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19
Q

Where is the semi lunar valve?

A

In the aorta and pulmanory artery

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20
Q

Where is the atrioventricular valve and what is the right and left one called?

A

Between atria and ventricles
Left= bicuspid
Right= tricuspid

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21
Q

When does the valve open and close

A

It opens when the pressure is high behind the valve

It closed when the pressure is high infornt of the valve

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22
Q

What is the main property of valves?

A

Prevent back flow

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23
Q

What is the properties of the septum?

A
  • cardiac muscle that separates the right and left side
  • separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • maintains high concentration of oxygen , in oxygenated blood to maintain concentration gradient to enable diffusion at respiring cells
  • high oxygen in oxygenated blood
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24
Q

What circulatory system do mammals have?

A

Closed, double circulatory system

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25
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood remains within the blood vessels

26
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit. One circuit delivers blood to the lungs, one circuit delivers blood to the rest of the body.

27
Q

Why does a mammal have a double circulatory system?

A

It manages the pressure of blood flow

28
Q

When is blood pumped at a lower pressure?

A

Through the lungs to prevent damage to he capillaries in the alveoli, and to reduce speed of blood to ensure there is enough time for gas exchange

29
Q

When is blood pumped at a higher pressure?

A

When oxygenated blood goes from the lungs back through the heart, it is high pressure to ensure it reaches all respiring cells in body.

30
Q

What is the double pump system?

A

The first pump carries deoxygenated blood to your lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. It then delivers oxygenated blood back to your heart. The second pump delivers oxygenated blood to every part of your body.

31
Q

What are the key blood vessels of the heart?

A

Vena cava , aorta , pulmanory artery , pulmanory vein

32
Q

What are the key blood vessels of the lungs?

A

Pulmanory artery , pulmanory vein

33
Q

What are the properties of the aorta?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

34
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood flows from the vena cava into the right atrium, which then passes through the AV valve into the right ventricle, from which it then passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, by which it travels to the lungs to be oxygenated. One oxygenated, the blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then the AV valve, then the left ventricle, then the aortic valve, and finally the aorta, by which oxygenated blood is sent out to the rest of the body.

35
Q

What is the way you came up with to remember the pathway of blood?

A

R VAAVA L VAVAA L

36
Q

what are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole

37
Q

what does diastole mean ?

A

relax

38
Q

what does systole mean?

A

contact

39
Q

what happens in the first stage? ( diastole )

A
  • atria and ventricular walls are relaxed
  • blood enters atria through vena cava and pulmanory vein
    -blood flow into atria increases pressure in atria
40
Q

what happens in the 2nd stage? ( atrial systole )

A
  • atria walls contract, increasing pressure further causing the AV valves to open and blood to flow into the ventricles , because pressure is behind valve in atria
    -ventricles are relaxed ( ventricular diastole )
41
Q

what happens in the 3rd stage? ( ventricular systole )

A
  • after short delay, ventricular walls contract , increasing pressure infornt of AV valve causing it to close
    -semi lunar valve opens as pressure is higher in the ventricles compared to the arteries
    -blood is pushed out of ventricles into the arteries ( pulmanory artery and aorta )
42
Q

what is cardiac output and how do you calculate it ?

A

-volume of blood that leaves one ventricle in one minute
- cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

43
Q

where is the semi lunar valve?

A

in the aorta and pulmanory artery

44
Q

where is the AV valve?

A

between atria and ventricles

45
Q

when does the semi lunar valve open?

A

when pressure is higher in the ventricles compared to the arteries

46
Q

how to remember how semi lunar valve opens?

A

semi lunar high fives the ventricles to open the match

47
Q

when does the semi lunar valve close?

A

when pressure is higher in the arteries compared to the ventricles ( opposite of open )

48
Q

when does the AV valve open?

A

when pressure is higher in the atria compared to the ventricles

49
Q

how to remember how the AV valve opens?

A

A vs V won openining match

50
Q

when does the AV valve close?

A

when pressure is higher in the ventricels compared to the atria

51
Q

why is there a bigger increase in ventricular pressure than atrial pressure on the graph ?

A

the ventricles have a thicker muscular wall, so there is venticular systole at a greater force

52
Q

how does atreiole regulate blood flow to capillaries? [2]

A

-smooth muscle within ateriole contracts
- contraction leads to constriction/ narrowing of the arteriole lumen

53
Q

describe the function of coronary arteries [2]

A
  • carry oxygen
    -to heart muscle
54
Q

what blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart? [1]

A

vena cava

55
Q

why is there higher fluctuations in blood pressure in the aorta compared to capillaries? [3]

A

-aorta is close to the heart
-aorta has elastic tissues
- aorta can stretch and recoil

56
Q

how does the heart contribute to the formation of tissue fluid? [2]

A

-ventricles contract producing high blood pressure
- water is forced out of blood capillaries

57
Q

why do people with higher ventricular blood pressure experience build up of tissue fluid outside blood capillaries ? [2]

A
  • more fluid forced out of blood capillaries at higher pressure
  • lymphatic system cannot drain all of the excess fluid
58
Q

how does dilation of blood vessels reduce ventricular blood pressure? [2]

A
  • larger lumen of blood vessels
  • less resitance in blood vessels
  • reducing blood pressure in blood vessels
59
Q

how is unidirerctional flow maintianed ? [2]

A
  • valves prevent backflow
    -pressure gradient high to low
60
Q

what are 4 structural features of the aorta and how do they relate to its function? [4]

A
  • semi lunar valve, preventing backflow
    -thick wall to withstand pressure
    -elastic tissues to stretch when ventricles contract
  • muscle for contraction
    -smoooth endothelium to reduce friction

A-Level Biology (54 decks)

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