unit 3, analysing data and lung disease

Question 1

what does a spirometer do?

Answer 1

measures lung capacity

Question 2

what is tidal volume?

Answer 2

the volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal breathing (at rest)

Question 3

what is vital capacity?

Answer 3

the maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much air as possible

Question 4

what is residual volume?

Answer 4

the volume of air that is left in lungs after strong exhalation

Question 5

what is total lung capacity?

Answer 5

the total amount of air that the lungs can hold after the biggest possible breath in

Question 6

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 6

maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath

Question 7

what is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 7

maximum mount of additional air that can be forced out after a normal breath

Question 8

what is forced vital capacity?

Answer 8

max volume of air to possibly breath out forcefully after really deep breath in

Question 9

what is forced expiratory capacity?

Answer 9

amount of air possibly breath out after 1 second

Question 10

what is the formula for pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 10

tidal volume X ventilation rate = pulmonary ventilation rate

Question 11

what is pulmonary fibrosis? key things

Answer 11

-breaking down of the alveoli
-thick wall, so it cant expand much
-small surface area
-less gas exchange

Question 12

what is bronchitis? key things

Answer 12

-bronchiole is inflamed
-smaller lumen so there is less air entering and exiting, so decrease of gas exchange

Question 13

what is emphysema? key things

Answer 13

-alveoli walls break down
-caused by smoking
-less air sacs
-remaining air sacs are larger, so smaller surface area to volume ratio
-less gas exchange

Question 14

Q) student concludes that more cigarettes smoked per day will increase deaths, do you agree?
graph has a positive correlation that levels out in the middle, then increases again

Answer 14

A) There is a positive correlation however the data overlaps. in the middle of the graph there is very little difference. Correlation doesn’t prove causation as there could be other risk factors like air pollution, or asthma that are increasing the deaths. there is no coefficient that’s statistical so its unknown whether the correlation is significant

Question 15

in data questions, what should you include in your answer to meet the mark scheme?

Answer 15

-look for data that doesn’t support
-if no coefficient then its not statistical, so correlation is not significant
-correlation does not equal cause due to other risk factors

Question 16

what is fibrosis? key things

Answer 16

-infection from substances like asbestos or dust
-tissue is thicker and no longer elastic
-lungs stuggle to expand so cant hold as much air in them
-less gas exchange

Question 17

When a person starts to breathe out, the percentage of oxygen in the air first exhaled is the same as the percentage of oxygen in the atmospheric air. Explain why.

Answer 17

Air is from nose / trachea / bronchi / not been in alveoli / dead space; Gas exchange / diffusion only in alveoli / not in these structures;