Unit 2: Neiuro science Flashcards
biological psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
neuron
Nerve cell
the basic building
block of the nervous system.
Define the types of neurons
sensory neurons:
motor neurons :
interneurons:
sensory neurons: neurons that carry
incoming information
-sensory
receptors –> brain and spinal cord.
motor neurons: neurons that carry
outgoing information
-brain and spinal cord –> muscles and glands.
interneurons: neurons** within the brain
and spinal cord** that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Define the parts of the neuron
dendrite:
axon:
myelin sheath:
action potential:
Termonal branches:
synapse:
dendrite: the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
axon: Sends messages to other neurons or muscle away from body
myelin sheath: a layer of
fatty tissue covering the end of the axons; making sending messages faster**
action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down
an axon. The message
synapse: the gap between the neurons terminal branches and a receiving neurons dendrites where messages are sent
threshold:
neurotransmitters:
reuptake:
threshold: the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
neurotransmitters: natural chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel
across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will
generate a neural impulse.
reuptake: a neuron reabsorbing neurotransmitters after sending them to another neuron.
Effects of Neurotransmitters:
Serotonin:
undersuplly=
Dopamine:
oversupply=
Acetylcholine (ACh): undersupply=
Norepinephrine: undersupply:
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid):
oversupply=
Glutamate:
undersupply=
endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
Serotonin: affects moods, hunger, sleep, and arousal undersuplly=depression
Dopamine: movement, learning, attention, and emotion undersupply=schizophremia, ADHD
Acetylcholine (ACh): muscle action, learning, and memory undersupply=alzhemiers disease
Norepinephrine: control alertness and arousal undersupply:depression ADHD
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): inhibitory neurotransmitter slows brain undersuplly=seizures, tremors, and insomnia
Glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory excites brain undersupply=overstimmulating the brian producing migraines or seizures
nervous system:
nerves:
glial cells (glia): .
central nervous system (CNS):
peripheral nervous system (PNS):
somatic nervous system:
autonomic nervous system:
sympathetic nervous system:
parasympathetic nervous system:
nervous system: the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
nerves: bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
glial cells (glia): cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.
1.central nervous system (CNS): the brain and spinal cord.
-makes decisions
2.peripheral nervous system (PNS):the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
gathers and sends messages to and from the body
controls movements
2.1 somatic nervous system: the division of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. controls voluntary movement
2.2 autonomic nervous system: the part of the peripheral
nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). involuntary movement
2.21 sympathetic nervous system: the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.fight or flight (heartbeat, blood pressure, hormones like adrenaline, etc.)
2.22 parasympathetic nervous system: the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy Rest and digest (heart rate, blood pressure, digestive system, hormones, ect.)
reflex:
reflex: a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
endocrine system:
hormones:
adrenal gland:
pituitary gland:
thyroid gland:
parathyroids:
testies:
overies:
endocrine system: the
body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete
hormones into the bloodstream.
hormones: chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream,
and affect other tissues
adrenal gland: glands a pair
of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) flight or flight response
pituitary gland: the master gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the
pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
thyroid gland:metabolism
parathyroids:regulates calcium in blood
testies: male sex hormones
overies: female sex hormones
Neuroscience pipeline
Phrenology:
case studies:
lesion:
Brain imaging
Phrenology: study of bumps on the skull for localization
-Franz Gall
Case study: injuries to the brain allow ppl to see the different parts the brain effects
-Phineas Gage
lesion: tissue destruction.
A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
Brain imagine: machines that allow us to see the structure and functions of the brain
Brain imaging:
electroencephalogram (EEG):
PET (positron emission tomography):
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging):
fMRI (functional MRI):
CT scan:
Angiography:
electroencephalogram (EEG): Uses: records electral waves of the brain
Shows:function
PET (positron emission tomography): Uses:radioactive material injected into the brain
Shows: function
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging):
Uses:Radio frequency signals
shows: structure
fMRI (functional MRI):
Uses :changes in blood flow
shows:functions and structure
CT scan:
uses:x-rays
shows:structure
Angiography:
uses:x-rays, dye in blood
shows:structure of blood vessels
brainstem
pons:
medulla:
reticular formation:
Thalamus:
midbrain:
brainstem: spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.
Pons: unconscious movement (breathing + heartbeat)
sleep, dreaming, and movement)
medulla: the base of
the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
reticular formation: a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal, attention, and alertness.
Thalamus: Processes all senses except smell as they travel up into the brain
midbrain: Communicaion between eyes + ears to the brain
cerebellum:
cerebellum: the
“little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory
input and coordinating movement output and balance.
limbic system:
amygdala:
hypothalamus:
hippocampus:
limbic system: neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions, memory, and drives.
amygdala: two lima bean–sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. fear and rage
hypothalamus:
basic drives (hunger,, thirst, arousal, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
hippocampus: forming memories
cerebral cortex:
association areas:
Angular Gyras:
Broca:
Wernicke:
cerebral cortex: the
intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and
information-processing center.
association areas: areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
Angular Gyras: ability to read aloud
-in left hemisphere
Broca:speaking
-in left hemisphere
Wernicke: language comprehension
-in left hemisphere
