Emotions, Stress, and Health

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

a response of the whole
organism, involving (1) physiological
arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.

Question 2

James-Lange theory

Answer 2

the theory that
our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to
emotion-arousing stimuli.

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 3

the theory that
an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of
emotion.

Question 4

two-factor theory

Answer 4

the SchachterSinger theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused
and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Question 5

polygraph

Answer 5

a machine, commonly used
in attempts to detect lies, that measures
several of the physiological responses
accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing
changes).

Question 6

catharsis

Answer 6

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy
(through action or fantasy) relieves
aggressive urges.

Question 7

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 7

people’s tendency to be helpful when
already in a good mood.

Question 8

subjective well-being

Answer 8

self-perceived
happiness or satisfaction with life. Used
along with measures of objective wellbeing (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s
quality of life.

Question 9

adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 9

our
tendency to form judgments (of sounds,
of lights, of income) relative to a neutral
level defined by our prior experience.

Question 10

relative deprivation

Answer 10

the perception
that one is worse off relative to those
with whom one compares oneself.

Question 11

behavioral medicine

Answer 11

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and
medical knowledge and applies that
knowledge to health and disease.

Question 12

health psychology

Answer 12

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

Question 13

stress

Answer 13

he process by which we perceive and respond to certain events,
called stressors, that we appraise as
threatening or challenging.

Question 14

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 14

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive
response to stress in three states—alarm,
resistance, exhaustion

Question 15

coronary heart disease

Answer 15

the clogging
of the vessels that nourish the heart
muscle; the leading cause of death in
many developed countries.

Question 16

Type A

Answer 16

Friedman and Rosenman’s
term for competitive, hard-driving,
impatient, verbally aggressive, and
anger-prone people.

Question 17

Type B

Answer 17

Friedman and Rosenman’s
term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 18

psychophysiological illness

Answer 18

literally,
“mind-body” illness; any stress-related
physical illness, such as hypertension
and some headaches.

Question 19

:psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 19

the
study of how psychological, neural, and
endocrine processes together affect the
immune system and resulting health.

Question 20

lymphocytes

Answer 20

the two types of white
blood cells that are part of the body’s
immune system: B lymphocytes form in
the bone marrow and release antibodies
that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells,
viruses, and foreign substances.

Question 21

coping

Answer 21

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Question 22

problem-focused coping

Answer 22

attempting
to alleviate stress directly—by changing
the stressor or the way we interact with
that stressor

Question 23

emotion-focused coping

Answer 23

attempting
to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

Question 24

aerobic exercise

Answer 24

sustained exercise
that increases heart and lung fitness;
may also alleviate depression and
anxiety

Question 25

biofeedback

Answer 25

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding
back information regarding a subtle
physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

Question 26

complementary and alternative
medicine (CAM)

Answer 26

as yet unproven health
care treatments intended to supplement
(complement) or serve as alternatives to
conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical
schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed
by insurance companies. When research
shows a therapy to be safe and effective,
it usually then becomes part of accepted
medical practice.