Motivation and work

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or
desire that energizes and
directs behavior.

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

a complex behavior that is
rigidly patterned throughout a species
and is unlearned.

Question 3

drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

the idea that
a physiological need creates an aroused
tension state (a drive) that motivates an
organism to satisfy the need.

Question 4

homeostasis

Answer 4

a tendency to maintain
a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry, such as blood glucose,
around a particular level.

Question 5

incentive

Answer 5

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates
behavior.

Question 6

hierarchy of needs

Answer 6

Maslow’s pyramid
of human needs, beginning at the base
with physiological needs that must first
be satisfied before higher-level safety
needs and then psychological needs
become active.

Question 7

glucose

Answer 7

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the
major source of energy for body tissues.
When its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 8

set point

Answer 8

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this
weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore
the lost weight

Question 9

basal metabolic rate

Answer 9

the body’s
resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 10

anorexia nervosa

Answer 10

an eating disorder
in which a person (usually an adolescent
female) diets and becomes significantly
(15 percent or more) underweight, yet,
still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Question 11

bulimia nervosa

Answer 11

an eating disorder
characterized by episodes of overeating,
usually of high-calorie foods, followed
by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or
excessive exercise.

Question 12

binge-eating disorder

Answer 12

significant
binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the
compensatory purging, fasting, or
excessive exercise that marks bulimia
nervosa.

Question 13

sexual response cycle

Answer 13

the four
stages of sexual responding described
by Masters and Johnson—excitement,
plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 14

refractory period

Answer 14

a resting period
after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Question 15

sexual disorder

Answer 15

a problem that
consistently impairs sexual arousal or
functioning.

Question 16

estrogens

Answer 16

sex hormones, such as
estradiol, secreted in greater amounts
by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels
peak during ovulation, promoting sexual
receptivity

Question 17

testosterone

Answer 17

the most important of
the male sex hormones. Both males and
females have it, but the additional
testosterone in males stimulates the
growth of the male sex organs in the
fetus and the development of the male
sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 18

sexual orientation

Answer 18

an enduring sexual
attraction toward members of either one’s
own sex (homosexual orientation) or the
other sex (heterosexual orientation).

Question 19

flow

Answer 19

a completely involved, focused
state of consciousness, with diminished
awareness of self and time, resulting
from optimal engagement of one’s skills.

Question 20

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

Answer 20

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing
human behavior in workplaces.

Question 21

personnel psychology

Answer 21

a subfield of
I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement,
training, appraisal, and development.

Question 22

organizational psychology

Answer 22

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines
organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates
organizational change.

Question 23

structured interviews

Answer 23

interview
process that asks the same job-relevant
questions of all applicants, each of
whom is rated on established scales.

Question 24

achievement motivation

Answer 24

a desire for
significant accomplishment; for mastery
of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly
attaining a high standard.

Question 25

task leadership

Answer 25

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work,
and focuses attention on goals.

Question 26

social leadership

Answer 26

group-oriented
leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.