Motivation and work Flashcards
motivation
a need or
desire that energizes and
directs behavior.
instinct
a complex behavior that is
rigidly patterned throughout a species
and is unlearned.
drive-reduction theory
the idea that
a physiological need creates an aroused
tension state (a drive) that motivates an
organism to satisfy the need.
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain
a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry, such as blood glucose,
around a particular level.
incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates
behavior.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid
of human needs, beginning at the base
with physiological needs that must first
be satisfied before higher-level safety
needs and then psychological needs
become active.
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the
major source of energy for body tissues.
When its level is low, we feel hunger
set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this
weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore
the lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the body’s
resting rate of energy expenditure
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder
in which a person (usually an adolescent
female) diets and becomes significantly
(15 percent or more) underweight, yet,
still feeling fat, continues to starve.
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder
characterized by episodes of overeating,
usually of high-calorie foods, followed
by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or
excessive exercise.
binge-eating disorder
significant
binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the
compensatory purging, fasting, or
excessive exercise that marks bulimia
nervosa.
sexual response cycle
the four
stages of sexual responding described
by Masters and Johnson—excitement,
plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
refractory period
a resting period
after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
sexual disorder
a problem that
consistently impairs sexual arousal or
functioning.
estrogens
sex hormones, such as
estradiol, secreted in greater amounts
by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels
peak during ovulation, promoting sexual
receptivity
testosterone
the most important of
the male sex hormones. Both males and
females have it, but the additional
testosterone in males stimulates the
growth of the male sex organs in the
fetus and the development of the male
sex characteristics during puberty.
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual
attraction toward members of either one’s
own sex (homosexual orientation) or the
other sex (heterosexual orientation).
flow
a completely involved, focused
state of consciousness, with diminished
awareness of self and time, resulting
from optimal engagement of one’s skills.
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing
human behavior in workplaces.
personnel psychology
a subfield of
I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement,
training, appraisal, and development.
organizational psychology
a subfield of I/O psychology that examines
organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates
organizational change.
structured interviews
interview
process that asks the same job-relevant
questions of all applicants, each of
whom is rated on established scales.
achievement motivation
a desire for
significant accomplishment; for mastery
of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly
attaining a high standard.
task leadership
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work,
and focuses attention on goals.
social leadership
group-oriented
leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
