Exam Pt. 5 Sensation + perception

Question 1

Sensation vs Perception

Answer 1

sensation: sensory recepters + nervious system
- reccives stimus
-Input

Perception; organization + interpriting
-Prepossessing

Question 2

Types of perception processing

1. Bottom-up:
2. Top-down:

Answer 2

1. Bottom-up:builds up perception
   -“what am i seeing?
   -Pieces –> whole
2. Top-down: uses prior knowlage
   -“Have I seen this before?”
   -whole–> pieces

Question 3

Sensation
Sensory adaptation:

Transduction:

sensory interaction:

Answer 3

Sensory adaptation: desensitization to repeated stimuli

Transduction: stimuli –> neural impulse to interpret
-sight, sound, smell –> neural impulses

sensory interaction: senses influencing each other

Question 4

Thresholds

1. absolute threshold
2. signal detection theory:=
3. difference threshold
4. Weber’s law

Answer 4

1. absolute threshold:minimum amount of stimuli needed to be detected
2. signal detection theory: theory that there is no absolute threshold and detection depends on psychological functions (mood, alertness, ect.)
3. difference threshold: minimum difference of stimuli needs to be detected as seprate
   -slightly different colours, texture, tast
4. Weber’s law: minimum % difference stimulus needs to be detected as different

Question 5

Signal detention theory

Subliminal:
vs
Priming:

Answer 5

Subliminal: below absolute threshold

Priming: exposure to stimuli influencing responses to props

Question 6

Gestalt principles:

1. Figure-ground:
2. grouping/proximity
3. Closure:
4. similarity

Answer 6

Gestalt principles: principals that explain how the brain organizes

1. Figure-ground: object =figure ground=surrounding
2. grouping/proximity: grouping based on distance
3. Closure:fill in the gaps to make whole
4. similarity: group based on similarity

Question 7

Parts of the eye Pt.1

1. Pupil
2. Iris
3. Lens
4. Retina
5. Accommodation

Answer 7

1. Pupil: opening center of the eye
   -light passes through
2. Iris: muscle and colour of the eye surrounding the pupil
   -controls the size of the pupil
3. Lens: structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
4. Retina: has the receptor rods and cones + layers of neurons to beigin processing
5. Accommodation: the process of the lens changing shape

Question 8

Parts of the eye pt. 2

6. Rods:
7. Cones:
8. Optic nerve:
9. Blind spot:
10. Fovea:
11. feature detectors:

Answer 8

6. Rods: rental receptors that detect
   -black
   -white
   -gray
   -twilight vision
7. Cones: retinal receptors that detect
   -detail
   -colour
   -daylight visions
8. Optic nerve: carries neural impulses from eye –> brain
9. Blind spot: when optic nerves leave the eye
10. Fovea: point on the retina where the cones cluster
11. feature detectors: nerves in the brain that respond to specific features (shapes, angle, movement)

Question 9

parallel processing

Answer 9

parallel processing: colours and stuff are processed at the same time

Question 10

Colour theories

1. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
2. opponent-process theory

Answer 10

1. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory: only 3 cones
   -red, blue, green
2. opponent-process theory :prescriptive colours as oposites
   -yellow vs blue
   -red vs green

Question 11

binocular cues
1. retinal disparity:

2. covergence:

vs

monocular cues
1. relative clarity:

2. relative size:
3. texture gradient:
4. linear perspective:
5. Interposition:

Answer 11

binocular cues
1. retinal disparity: differance between eyes to see depth

2. covergence: seeing depth by how much ur eye rotate inward

monocular cues
1. relative clarity:
-clear = close up
-blurry = far

2. relative size:
   big = close
   -small= far
3. texture gradient:
   -detailed = close
   -no detail = far
4. linear perspective:
   lines converging = far
   no convering = close
5. Interposition:
   -blocking = closer
   -being blocked = far

Question 12

Apparent movement:

1. phi phenomenon:
2. stroboscopic movement:

Answer 12

Apparent movement: u seeing moving but there is no moving

1. phi phenomenon: lights flickering
   -welcome signs
2. stroboscopic movement: still imagoes in quick succession
   -stop motion

Question 13

Perception

perceptual adaptation:

perceptual set:

Answer 13

perceptual adaptation: adjusting to an inverted or warped view

perceptual set: expectations influence perception

Question 14

depth perception:

visual cliff:

Answer 14

depth perception: ability to see in 3 dimensions

visual cliff: babies and animals not crawling off a cliff

Question 15

Parts of the ear

middle ear:

cochlea:

inner ear:

Answer 15

middle ear: the part between eardrum and cochlea

cochlea: sound waves trigger nerve impulses

inner ear: where the cochlea and other stuff is located

Question 16

Hearing Theories

1. place theory:
2. frequeny theory:

Answer 16

1. place theory: links the pitch to the place in the cochlea that is stimulated
2. frequeny theory: rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve = frequancy of tone

Question 17

hearing loss

conduction hearing loss:

sensorineural hearing loss:

cochlear implant:

Answer 17

conduction hearing loss: damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

sensorineural hearing loss: damage the cochlea cells and nerves

cochlear implant: device that stimulates the nerves in the cochlea