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USA > Unemployment / Industry & the New Deal > Flashcards

Unemployment / Industry & the New Deal Flashcards

1
Q

National unemployment 1932

A

around 25%

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2
Q

In some areas extremely dependent on industry concentration of unemployment peaked at what %? e.g some towns in Massachusetts

A

80%

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3
Q

Action : FERA

A

$500 million of federal grants made available for distribution by state agencies

to go into retirement benefits / unemployment insurance

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4
Q

Who distributed relief made available by FERA? What does this show a culture of?

A

individual states

great importance of federalism

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5
Q

What did FERA recognise about the government’s responsibility?

A

set precedent that it was government’s duty to come to rescue of the vulnerable

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6
Q

Who led FERA?

A

Hopkins

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7
Q

What did Hopkins admit about FERA in 1936?

A

“we have never given adequate relief”

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8
Q

Limitations of FERA, what did it not include?

A
  • no health insurance
  • excluded farmers / domestic workers
  • not enough to sustain - especially in winter
  • not regular payments
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9
Q

What types of programmes did FERA support, give examples

A

wide range

e.g food orders / rural rehabilitation / adult literacy

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10
Q

How long was FERA active for?

A

3years

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11
Q

DATE : National Industrial Recovery Act

A

November 1933

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12
Q

What were the X2 branches of the NIRA?

A

PWA & NRA

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13
Q

Action : NRA

A
  • negotiated codes of conduct for industries

- workers guaranteed right to collective bargaining

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14
Q

How many codes eventually adopted in NRA?

A

541

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15
Q

NRA codes were found in what % of all US industries?

A

90%

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16
Q

What did the scale of the number of codes result in?

A

corruption, collusion, inefficiencies

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17
Q

Purpose / Aim : NRA

A

coordination between government planners & business leaders to create standards for production / prices / working conditions

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18
Q

What was the logo paraded for NRA products and stores?

A

blue eagle

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19
Q

What was the relationship between patriotic customers and the NRA?

A

patriots would only patronise stores following NRA codes (products identified via blue eagle)

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20
Q

What % of annual increase in wages was the NRA directly responsible for during its existence?

A

26%

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21
Q

What X3 factors did the coal NRA codes introduce?

A
  • ban child labour
  • equalised wages
  • shorter working week
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22
Q

Which highly influential business man did not subscribe to the NRA codes? what did he instead do? What was notable about the way he paid workers?

A
  • Henry Ford and automobile industry
  • although observed a minimum wage
  • paid workers the same regardless of nationality
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23
Q

X2 criticisms of the NRA

A
  1. didn’t provide immediate relief to unemployed and hungry

2. increased production costs by 40% - so did not help problem of underconsumption

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24
Q

What did the PWA stand for?

A

public works administration

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25
Q

How / what was the PWA funded?

A

$3.3billion of federal funding for public works

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26
Q

What did the PWA embody in FDR’s vision?

A

epitomised FDR’s notion of “priming the pump” to encourage growth

27
Q

How many projects did the PWA eventually fund?

A

34,000

28
Q

Name a PWA funded project

A

Triborough Bridge Construction, 1933 New York

29
Q

What industry did the PWA propels? What did this do for the USA’s landscape?

A

stimulation of construction industry

improved infrastructure of USA e.g airports / schools

30
Q

Limitation of what the PWA failed to build

A

necessary affordable housing

31
Q

How many houses did the PWA build in 4 and a half years?

A

only 25,000

32
Q

Who ran the PWA? How much did he spent in the first 6 months? What did this show?

A

Ickes
$110 million in first 6months
deep fiscal conservative who did not take risk

33
Q

What did Icke’s conservatism show?

A

still reluctance to deviate from American traditions of self-help and limited gov. intervention

34
Q

Evidence that the PWA did not immediately turn the economy around

A

FDR turned to other programmes (WPA / CWA)

35
Q

Advantage of WPA / CWA over PWA

A

smaller projects, quicker to mobilise and set up

36
Q

When was PWA abolished?

A

1941 during move towards war production

37
Q

Purpose of the PWA”

A

keep construction industry alive
provide employment
give public necessary purchasing power to power engine of recovery

38
Q

What did historian Kirkendall say about building programmes?

A

“didn’t bring depression to an end”

“enabled people to survive who would have had an impossible time surviving without them”

39
Q

What did Kirkendall’s perspective on building programmes confirm about the New Deal in general?

A

wasn’t a means of steering USA out of depression, simply stopped the suffering of the depression getting worse

40
Q

What credit was given to building programmes in terms of democracy preservation?

A

Fascist and socialist ideas circulating Europe and entering American

Building programmes helpful in preventing move towards totalitarian direction

e.g owning your own home

41
Q

What did the CWA stand for?

A

Civil Works Administration

42
Q

How many people did the CWa employ in temporary jobs?

A

4million

43
Q

How much did CWA spending a month? Was this on budget?

A

over $200million monthly

44
Q

What did the CWA’s budget show about the PWA?

A

Had to compensate for PWA’s limitations

45
Q

When was the CWA formed? Why?

A

winter of 1933

slow mobilisation of PWA

46
Q

What was a criticism of many CWA projects?

A

deemed “boondoggles” (pointless)

47
Q

Average weekly wage for CWA

A

$15.04

48
Q

Was the weekly wage under CWA greater than FERA? By approximately how much?

A

Yes

by just under $9

49
Q

When did the CWA end? What did this mean for employment?

A

April 1934

ended employment for 4million workers (although intended to be temporary anyway)

50
Q

What CCC was one of the first initiatives in providing federal relief and attended to conservation?

A

Civillian Conservation Corps

51
Q

DATE : Civillian Conservation Corps

A

March 1933

52
Q

What qualified men to be employed in the Civilian Conservation corps?

A

17-24

unemployed

53
Q

Where did workers of the civilian conservation corps stay?

A

in quasi-military discipline residential camp placements

54
Q

What was the monthly wage of a CCC worker? How much of this went home to their families?

A

$50 dollar wage

$45 home to families

55
Q

Within 2yrs how many men were resident in how many camps as part of the CCC?

A

0.5milllion men

2,500 camps

56
Q

Programme of works carried out by the CCC included;

A
  • dam-building
  • marsh draining
  • land reclamation
57
Q

Why did FDR prefer the creation of jobs rather than relief?

A

didn’t want to create a dependency on handouts

58
Q

When was the TVA set up?

A

May 1933

59
Q

What was the TVA the first of in the USA?

A

first publicly owned electricity organisation in USA

60
Q

What was the TVA?

A

government owned network of dams and hydroelectric plants

61
Q

Purpose of the TVA

A
  • give construction jobs to unemployed
  • aid consumers via lower electricity rates
  • increase electrification to increase electrical goods demand
62
Q

X3 positive consequences across social / economic areas of the TVA;

A

+ tempted industrialists

+ standard of living rose 200% in 1930s/40s for those involved

+ pioneered areas of malaria control

63
Q

Criticism of the TVA (X3)

A
  • remained chiefly a corporation to sell power and fertiliser
  • did not work as successfully when smaller mock copies were set up in other states
  • government in direct competition with private companies
64
Q

What was notable about some of the states the TVA ran through?

A

ran through 7 of the poorest states in USA

= temped industrialists to invest here

USA (33 decks)

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