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USA > Second New Deal > Flashcards

Second New Deal Flashcards

1
Q

What did the 2nd New Deal act as a shift away from?

A

away from recovery towards economic security

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2
Q

What major group played a large part in shaping the ideology of the 2nd new deal?

A

unions

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3
Q

What did unions consider the economic downturn was caused by?

A

economic downturn caused by underconsumption

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4
Q

What did unions suggest best way to combat depression was?

A

to increase wages to provide greater purchasing power

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5
Q

When was the Wagner Act introduced?

A

1935

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6
Q

Other name for the Wagner Act

A

National Labour relations Act

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7
Q

What board did the Wagner Act set up?

A

National Labour Relations Board

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8
Q

What did the government see the Wagner Act as doing in terms of unions?

A

channelling labour rebellion into elections

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9
Q

What did the Supreme Court deem the Wagner act?

A

constitutional

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10
Q

What did the National Labour Relations Board give unions?

A

legal status

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11
Q

What did the Supreme Court rule ‘sit downs’?

A

illegal

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12
Q

What type of strike action did the Supreme Court rule was illegal?

A

Sit Downs

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13
Q

When was a minimum wage introduced?

A

1938

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14
Q

What was the minimum wage introduced in 1938

A

25cents per hour

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15
Q

What other X2 conditions were introduced at the same time as the minimum wage?

A
  • 40hour maximum working week

- outlawed child labour

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16
Q

What was a criticism of the federally subsidised housing projects?

A

only built for a small %

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17
Q

What did the federally subsidised housing projects provide?

A

despite only a small % of the population benefitting from the houses being built

playgrounds, vermin-free apartments, regeneration of dilapidated buildings
= built confidence

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18
Q

Why did employers accept the Wagner act as a good thing?

A

considered unions more controllable - so more stabilising than wildcat strikes

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19
Q

In the 1934 mid-term congressional elections how many seats did Democrats end up with in the Senate?

A

69/96

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20
Q

What did the Republican campaign capitalise upon (run by Landon)?

A

nostalgia for pre-depression days

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21
Q

Which democrats did Landon win the support of?

A

many Wilsonian democrats

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22
Q

Why did Wilsonian democrats switch to Landon?

A

believed FDR had abandoned goals of equality of opportunity and thrift

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23
Q

Was the Republican campaign of 1936 pro or anti gold standard?

A

Pro

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24
Q

Where did Al Smith’s allegiance fall in the 1936 campaign?

A

with the Liberty Leaguers

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25
Q

What did Al Smith refer to his old running mate FDR as?

A

turning towards “socialist direction”

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26
Q

FDR won all cities of more than 100,000 people (100+) apart from how many?

A

2

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27
Q

What had happened to industrial output since FDR had taken office?

A

doubled

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28
Q

What were corporation profit sheets like when FDR took office?

A

$2billion in deficit

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29
Q

By 1936 what were corporation profit sheets like?

A

$5billion in the black (positive)

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30
Q

Who had the negro vote traditionally been aligned with?

A

Lincoln (Republican)

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31
Q

Why was the New Deal criticised by Negro leaders?

A

AAA drove away tenant farmers

failed to enact civil rights legisaltion

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32
Q

What did the 2nd New Deal include Negroes in?

A

NYA and employment in Department of Interior

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33
Q

What happened to the Negro vote in 1934 and 1936?

A

increasingly swayed towards democrats

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34
Q

How many more negro votes did FDR hold in 1936 than 1932?

A

double

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35
Q

What did Lippmann describe the 2nd new deal as?

A

the “most comprehensive program of reform ever achieved in this country by any administration”

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36
Q

Schlesinger saw 1st new deal as…

A

attempt to reduce business competition in favour of cooperation (AAA and NRA)

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37
Q

Schlesinger saw 2nd new deal as…

A

re-introduction of competition w/ regulations on fair play

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38
Q

Action : Public Utility Holding Company Act

A

breaking up of holding companies

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39
Q

What type of congress came out of the 1934 mid-term congressional elections?

A
  • increased democratic majority
  • increased radical congress
    e. g Farmer Labor Party
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40
Q

What was the climate of the new congress that appeared in 1934? What did FDR think of this?

A

one of action

FDR wanted his own measures before others forced ideas he did not agree with

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41
Q

What particular body attacked FDR’s Wealth Tax Act in 1935

A

US Chamber of Commerce

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42
Q

What were officials in Washington increasingly aware of in regards to smaller businesses

A

recognised small business was crucial in economic recovery

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43
Q

Which side of the political spectrum did FDR believe held the largest threat to the New Deal?

A

the left

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44
Q

DATE : Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

A

April 1935

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45
Q

Under the Emergency Relief Appropriate Act the new WPA was set up, led by whom?

A

Harry Hopkins

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46
Q

At any one time how many employees did the WPA have?

A

2million

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47
Q

By 1941 what % of workers had at some point been employed by the WPA?

A

20%

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48
Q

Wages were approximately what monthly in the WPA?

A

$52

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49
Q

How long did the WPA provide employment for?

A

one year only

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50
Q

what was the WPA not allowed to do? X3

A
  • compete with private enterprise
  • build private homes
  • large scale projects
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51
Q

Example of a large scale project that WPA engaged in (although not supposed to)

A

Fort Knox Gold Reserves

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52
Q

What did the NYA stand for?

A

National Youth Administration

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53
Q

what did the NYA provide?

A

part time jobs to students

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54
Q

What did the NYA allow students to do?

A

earn money to pay for their education + complete their studies

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55
Q

What was the NYA Division of Negro Affairs? Who was it led by?

A

had own funding for African-American students

led by African-american Mary Bethume

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56
Q

Who encouraged minorities to participate in government schemes and encouraged their employment in the Department of Interior?

A

Eleanor Roosevelt

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57
Q

In 7years how many did the NYA give employment to in terms of students?

A

2.1million

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58
Q

in 7 years how many did NYA given employment to in terms of youth not in school?

A

2.6million

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59
Q

Evidence of WPA and NYA being generous employers

A

complaints of lack of farm field hands and domestic servants

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60
Q

When did FDR veto Veteran Bonus Marcher’s payments for the 2nd time?

A

May 1935

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61
Q

DATE : Rural electrification administration

A

May 1935

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62
Q

What did the REA offer?

A

low-interest loans to farming cooperatives to invest in electrification

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63
Q

In 1936 what % of farms had electricity

A

12.6%

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64
Q

Why did only 12.6% of farms have electricity in 1936?

A

not deemed profitable, so banks reluctant to lend funds

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65
Q

by 1941 what % of farms had electricity

A

35%

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66
Q

DATE : Resettlement Administration

A

May 1935

67
Q

Action : Resettlement Administration

A

merge all rural rehabilitation projects into one

68
Q

What organisation arguably made the shortage of housing worse?

A

AAA by driving tenants / sharecroppers away from land by encouraging reduced crop acreage

69
Q

Who led the Resettlement Administration?

A

Tugwell

70
Q

What was Tugwell’s ambition

A

500,000 families to be moved to ‘greenbelt’ sites

71
Q

What did Tugwell’s ambition require?

A

buying good land
encouraging families to move
teaching sustainable farming

72
Q

How many families eventually moved under the Resettlement administration

A

only 4,400

73
Q

How many greenbelt towns set up under Resettlement administration

A

3

74
Q

A contradiction of the Resettlement Administration and the wider New Deal

A

other policies were attempting to help farmers retain their land

75
Q

Was there more or less migration from farms in the 1930s than the 1920s?

A

less

76
Q

DATE : Revenue Wealth Tax Act

A

1935

77
Q

maximum tax on income over $50,000 rose to what, from what, due to the Wealth Tax Act

A

rose to 75%

previously at 59%

78
Q

What did newspaper tycoon Hearst see the wealth tax as?

A

“soak the successful”

79
Q

What have historians seen the wealth tax as roosevelt doing?

A

attempting to ‘steal huey’s thunder”

80
Q

How did big business intervene with the wealth tax act? X2

A

successfully had the federal inheritance tax defeated

corporation tax reduced to little more than symbolism

81
Q

Who was the main fighters of the Wealth Tax Act who wanted none of it modified?

A

Lafollette of the Progressive Party

demonstrated how FDR’s policies were increasingly appeasing the left

82
Q

What did the Wealth Tax act raise?

A

only $250million

83
Q

What % of the population earned over $10,000? What did this suggest about the wealth tax?

A

only 1%

tax of limited effectiveness

84
Q

DATE: Wagner-Connery Act

A

July 1935

85
Q

What did unions think of the Wagner Connery Act?

A

pleased that it provided secret ballot elections for union representation

86
Q

What was Roosevelt’s involvement with the Wagner-Connery Act?

A

not initiated by FDR

FDR only passed/considered it after it passed through senate and looked likely to become law

87
Q

What did the Supreme Court consider the Wagner Connery Act as?

A

constitutional

88
Q

What did the National Labour Relations Board give unions?

A

right to collective bargaining

89
Q

Who challenged the National Labour Relations Board?

A

US Steel Corporation (unsuccessfully)

90
Q

DATE : Public Utility Holding Company Act

A

August 1935

91
Q

What had utility companies previously been doing?

A

charging consumers excessively since the holding-company structures at the top of the pyramids were making mass profit

92
Q

Who was the Public Utility Holding Company Act popular with?

A

Pacific North West (power conscious)

93
Q

What did the PUHCA suggest Roosevelt was?

A

with the public against ‘bigness’ (big business)

94
Q

What region voted down the PUHCA?

A

East

although the House approved the bill

95
Q

Who was given control of financial transactions of holding companies in the PUHCA?

A

Securities Exchange Commission

96
Q

What happened to any unqualified companies as of January 1st 1940?

A

eliminated by Securities Exchange Commission as part of the PUHCA

97
Q

What did the Supreme Court demand of companies in relation to the PUHCA?

A

that they register with the Securities Exchange Commission

98
Q

What did the PUHCA do for capitalism?

A

rid it of much exploitation (so strengthened it)

99
Q

DATE : Social Security Act

A

August 1935

100
Q

How were pensions under the SSA funded?

A

employer funded w/ employee contributions

101
Q

How was unemployment insurance funded under the SSA?

A

payroll taxes

102
Q

Apart form unemployment insurance and pensions what did the SSA provide?

A

aid to care for dependent mothers / children / disabled

103
Q

Why did the left resent the SSA?

A

not as generous as Townsend’s proposals
felt it did not go far enough
angry the wealthy did not have to contribute more

104
Q

What did Conservatives claim that the SSA did?

A

violated American principles of self-help and individual responsibility

wanted to retain strong federalism, not determining how funds should be spent from Washington

105
Q

What was the unemployment benefit under the SSA? How long could it be paid for?

A

$18weekly

maximum of 16 weeks

106
Q

What was the rate of monthly pensions under the SSA?

A

$10-$85

107
Q

When were the first pensions paid out under the SSA?

A

1940

108
Q

What was a criticism of the SSA in terms of payments?

A

system had to be self financing
you had to pay in to get out
(so not necessarily a form of relief, but rather security)

109
Q

What was a problem with child benefits?

A

discrepancies between states

still inefficiencies and ingrained federalism

110
Q

Who was excluded from the SSA?

A

domestic workers and farmers

111
Q

Who opposed the inclusion of health insurance within the SSA and was successful?

A

American Medical Association

112
Q

What precedent did the SSA establish?

A

that every individual has clear social rights

113
Q

What did the SSA in terms of it being self financing show about FDR?

A

still trying to maintain balanced budget, still a fiscal conservative

114
Q

What was a disadvantage of allowing states to determine rates with the SSA? X2

A
  • discrepancies between states

- many states cut back on other relief schemes to fund unemployment benefits

115
Q

When did Townsend reach his peak of popularity? What does this suggest?

A

post - SSA

suggests many Americans felt the SSA did not go far enough and was inadequate

116
Q

DATE : Guffey-Snyder Act

A

1935

117
Q

Action : Guffey-Snyder Act

A
  • re-enacted coal code
  • guaranteed collective bargaining
  • uniformed scales of wages / hours
118
Q

What was the Guffey-Snyder Act influenced in its passing by?

A

United Mine Workers threatening a coal strike

119
Q

What happened to the Guffey-Snyder Act in 1936?

A

found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

120
Q

When did the Supreme Court find the Guffey-Snyder Act unconstitutional?

A

1936

121
Q

What did Congress pass in 1937 to replace the Guffey-Snyder Act of 1935?

A

The Guffey-Vinson Act

122
Q

What was the difference between the Guffey-Snyder and Guffey-Vinson act’s?

A

The latter was the same except for not imposing wages / hours

123
Q

DATE : Banking Act

A

August 1935

124
Q

Purpose : Banking Act of 1935

A

intended to give Federal government control of US banking

125
Q

Who was the Governor of the Federal Reserve Board at the time of the Banking Act’s passing in 1935?

A

Eccles

126
Q

What was Eccles opinion on Wall Street?

A

felt they had too much power

127
Q

The Banking Act received much opposition, on what X3 points was there compromise on;

A
  • Federal Reserve Banks could elect their own head (but needed Federal reserve board approval)
  • rediscount decisions given to Fed Reserve Board
  • banks must register w/ board + accept its authority in return for federal deposits
128
Q

What did the Banking Act of 1935 mean for financial management?

A

largely removed from private to central government control

aka moved from NY to Washington

129
Q

DATE : Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act

A

1937

130
Q

What did the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act set up?

A

Farm Security Administration

131
Q

What was the action of the Farm Security Administration?

A

extended rehabilitation loans to farmers

132
Q

What did rehabilitation loans to farmers as part of the Farm Security Administration allow farmers to do?

A

allowed selected tenants to buy family-sized arms on low interest

133
Q

What was the Farm Security Administration hailed as in terms of who it helped?

A

the first agency to substantially benefit migrants / tenant farmers / sharecroppers

134
Q

How much had the Farm Security Administration given out in loans by 1941?

A

$1billion +

135
Q

Why was the Farm Security Administration unable to do anything on a large scale?

A

did not have representation in congress

much of who it aided had little political voice / were voteless

136
Q

DATE : Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

A

passed in 1934

renewed in 1938

137
Q

Who was Lemke in the Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act?

A

A co-writer of the Act

part of the radical left group the National Union for Social Justice

138
Q

DATE : Minimum Wage

A

1938

139
Q

When was the 40hr week established?

A

1938

140
Q

What was the 1938 minimum wage set as?

A

25cents per hour

141
Q

DATE : Wagner-steagall housing act

A

1937

142
Q

What did the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act provide?

A

Federally subsidised housing projects

143
Q

What was a key benefit of the W-S Housing Act apart form infrastructure?

A

site of vermin-free apartments + regeneration helped to build confidence

144
Q

What was Roosevelt’s support like for the W-S Housing Act?

A

very large

made a key priority of the second term

145
Q

What did the W-S Housing Act set up?

A

United States Housing Authority

146
Q

What did the United States Housing Authority provide $$$ in loans for low-cost housing projects?

A

$500million

147
Q

By end of 1940 how many housing projects were in progress or completed

A

only 500

148
Q

By end of 1940 what was the value of loan contracts for housing project construction

A

$691million

149
Q

What did FDR declare in his State of the Union Address about housing?

A

that it was part of a “Second Bill of Rights” “the right of every family to a decent home”

150
Q

DATE : Sit downs ruled illegal by Supreme Court

A

1939

151
Q

By 1940 the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation (part of Farm Credit Act of 1933) had refinanced more than what % of all farm mortgages?

A

20%

152
Q

By 1940 what was the value of farm mortgages that had been refinanced?

A

$6.5billion

153
Q

On an average day the Farm Credit Administration saved how many farms from foreclosure?

A

300

154
Q

DATE : Fair Employment Practices Committee

A

1941

155
Q

How was the Fair Employment Practices Committee passed?

A

by signing of executive order

156
Q

What was the influence of the Fair Employment Practices Committee?

A

little - had no enforcement powers

157
Q

One key reason why employers reluctantly accepted unions and legislation to increase union organisation

A

considered unions more controllable than wildcat strikes

158
Q

What do many historians see as the purpose of the change in direction of the new deal in terms of public perception of government

A

to present the government as acting via addressing issues and concerns

Second New Deal involved itself in everyday issues important to individuals

159
Q

In the 7th year of the depression how many americans still had no employment

A

8million

160
Q

Some of the acts and principles the 2nd new deal was passed on alienated business community - many now saw FDR as…

A

champion of people against ‘economic royalists’

161
Q

Who did Southern Democrats expect to dominate the government and economy?

A

whites

162
Q

What did Southern Democrats insist on with many new deal programmes?

A

local administration

prioritisation of whites + business & exclusion of migration population e.g NIRA / AAA

163
Q

Foner on the New Deal’s importance

A

“made the government an institution directly experienced in Americans’ daily lives and directly concerned with their welfare”

164
Q

How many Americans had pensions prior to the New Deal>

How many had unemployment insurance?

How much was spent on relief pre 1930?
How much in 1930?
How much in 1939?

A

only 36,000

only 1,000

pre-1930 = 0 
1930 = $9million 
1939 = $479million + $480million unemployment

USA (33 decks)

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