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USA > Problems in Term 2 > Flashcards

Problems in Term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of solutions was the New Deal trying to create which did not sit well with the Supreme Court?

A

National level solutions

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2
Q

How many new justices did FDR wish to appoint? What was this one for every…?

A

6

one for every justice over 70

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3
Q

What did FDR’s court packing plan presume?

A

that it was the elder justices who were the most conservative

this was not the case

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4
Q

Who died as a result of trying to pass FDR’s court packing plan?

A

Senator Robinson of Arkansas

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5
Q

Was FDR’s court packing plan legal? what was its prime interest if not to further democracy?

A

Yes it was legal

wasn’t seeking to further democracy
sought to get the New Deal political agenda passed

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6
Q

What was occurring at a similar time to FDR’s Court Packing Plan scandal?

A

USA entering the ‘Roosevelt Recession’

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7
Q

What was the New Deal’s true legacy

A

creating an environment of social security

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8
Q

In 18months 1935-36 how many laws did the S.C deem unconstitutional?

A

11

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9
Q

In 140years prior to 1935 how many laws did the S.C rule unconstitutional?

A

only 60

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10
Q

what was black monday? when was it?

A

May 1935

several attacks on New Deal by Supreme Court

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11
Q

What was it about the NRA which the New Deal objected to?

A

did not believe the federal government had powers to intervene in INTERNAL commerce of states

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12
Q

What can the philosophy of the S.C be concluded as?

A

pro-federalism

anti-centralisation

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13
Q

What was the decision against the AAA in terms of judges for and against?

A

6 to 3 against the AAA

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14
Q

How many of the 9 supreme court judges were appointed by FDR?

A

0

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15
Q

How many of the 9 supreme court judges were appointed by democrat presidents?

A

1

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16
Q

What was the name for the collection of conservative justices who were extremely opposed to the New Deal?

A

“Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”

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17
Q

What did FDR see the justices as being in relation to govnerment?

A

saw the justices as unelected officials hindering the work of a democratically elected government

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18
Q

what did FDR claim that increasing the number of justices was to do ?

A

lessen the work loan for justices

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19
Q

What was FDR’s judicial reform bill rejected on a ratio to?

A

rejected 70 : 20 in the Senate

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20
Q

What did the S.C beginning to uphold the New Deal legislation prove?

A

that they were not legally consistent, but were politically smart

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21
Q

What did FDR lose in his pack the court plan?

A

his popularity and hold on congress which he never regained

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22
Q

What did FDR’s loss of hold on congress after PTC plan mean had to be dropped?

A

the creation of multiple TVAs

the Anti-Lynching Bill failed to get through

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23
Q

Rural America had what majority of seats in Congress

A

54/96

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24
Q

When did FDR call a special session of Congress in which none of his legislation was passed?

A

November 1937

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25
What was achieved in FDR's special session of Congress in november 1937
nothing - no single measure was passed big congress to FDR's first 100days
26
What was drafted against the New Deal at the special congress of November 1937
the Conservative Manifesto
27
What did FDR attempt and fail to do in 1938?
to unseat several conservatives (including from within his own party)
28
How many seats did Republicans gain in the senate in 1938?
8 seats
29
what happened to Republican's representation in the House in 1938?
doubled their representation
30
What was organised as a reaction to the AAA giving little consideration to tenants / sharecroppers?
Alabama Sharecroppers Union
31
What was the reaction to the Alabama Sharecroppers Union?
received violence from state officials
32
Why was FDR reluctant to intervene with violence being done by state officials to the Alabama Sharecroppers Union>
reliant on support from Southern Democrats
33
How many people migrated to California during the Dustbowl? What was the colloquial term to describe them?
220,000 | Okies
34
How many people were made homeless by post-dustbowl rains?
150,000
35
When were the post-dustbowl rains?
1937
36
What was the rate of TVA electricity per kWh?
$2-2.5
37
What was the national average for electricity per kWh?
$5.5
38
Who wanted to see large industry-wide unions set up?
John Lewis
39
What organisation did John Lewis set up?
Committee of Industrial Organisations
40
Was labour successful at getting big business to recognise them? Give an example
not necessarily Ford used muscle men to beat up unionists
41
What X3 things did the Wagner Act do for unions?
- prohibited companies for firing union members - created labour relation board - strengthened collective bargaining process
42
Whom did the Wagner Act not apply to?
many in domestic service + agriculture
43
When was the Fair Labour Standards Act introduced?
1938
44
What did the Fair Labour Standards Act introduce?
- prohibited child labour - introduced 40hour week - introduced minimum wage
45
What was the Fair Labour Standards Act recognition of?
stimulating consumption was necessary to recovery and increased growth
46
What was notable about the realignment of unions and the democratic party and their funding?
By 1940 unions made the largest contribution to the Democratic Party's campaign funds
47
What was expenditure reduced to from 1936 levels in 1937?
1937 expenditure : $7.7billion
48
What was the deficit in 1936?
$4.4billion
49
During the Roosevelt Recession what did unemployment rise to by early 1938 and from what?
from 6million to 10million
50
What did car manufacturing fall by during the Roosevelt Recession?
50%
51
What did employment in manufacturing fall by during the Roosevelt recession?
23%
52
what did the stock market collapse by during the Roosevelt Recession?
30%
53
What % of gains made during the New Deal were lost?
66%
54
What did farm prices fall by during the Roosevelt Recession?
20%
55
What was set up to investigate price fixing after the Roosevelt Recession?
Temporary National Economic Committee
56
Who was made the scapegoat of the Roosevelt Recession?
big business
57
Which treasurer advised FDR to again balance the budget?
Morgenthal
58
Who advised FDR to return to deficit spending?
Eccles (Chief of Federal Reserve Board)
59
What did FDR request Congress to vote for him in April 1938 to relieve the Roosevelt Recession?
a $3.8billion relief budget
60
When did Roosevelt request the $3.8billion relief budget to aid the Roosevelt Recession
April 1938
61
What was the progress like to return from the Roosevelt recession? Give evidence
slow unemployment still 9million by 1939
62
By 1939 what figure still required relief?
1 out of 5
63
When did production briefly pass 1929 levels, but then slip below again?
1937
64
What was the national total of per person income in 1938, was this higher than in 1929?
$73billion no, lower
65
how much lower was total personal income in 1939 than 1929?
$13billion lower
66
What was the population increase between 1929 to 1939?
9million
67
Was the wage average higher or lower in 1939 compared to 1929?
Lower in 1939
68
What was the average wage in 1939?
$23.86
69
What was the average wage in 1929?
$25.03
70
What was the price indices of 1939 compared to the 100.0 of 1926? Was this higher or lower than 1929?
77.1 Lower by almost 20
71
What did a lower price indices in 1939 than 1929 show?
prices fell by more than wages those in work could afford to buy more
72
What was the deficit in 1937? Was this greater than 1936>
$2.7billion no, $1.7billion less than in 1936
73
Why was social security not strictly relief?
- system was self-financing (financed out of contributions) - did not help the most desperate - amounts spent inadequate
74
Pre-1930 how much was spent on relief?
virtually nothing
75
In 1930 how much was spent on relief?
$9million
76
By 1940 how much was spent on relief?
$479million
77
BY 1940 how much was spent on unemployment benefit?
$480million
78
What did the vast amount of relief mean the public was increasingly seeing government as?
their saviour
79
What was election participation like during the 1930s?
constantly increasing
80
What was election participation pre-1928?
under 50%
81
What was election participation in 1936/40?
62%
82
What were FDR's budget deficits of 1937/38 in comparison to Hoovers?
lower than Hoover's in 1932
83
Who were the NRA codes largely drawn up by?
members of big business
84
Countries who did not adopt mass public spending came out what in terms of the Depression
came out first
85
What happened to the USA in terms of rate of coming out of Depression?
was one of the slowest countries out
86
What do some commentators suggest the new deal was a lost opportunity for...?
to bring in more socialist economic system and deal with greater equality of wealth
87
What quote did FDR say in terms of needing to deal with his Southern Democrat supporters?
"i did not choose the tools with which I must work"
88
When were anti-lynching bills proposed?
1934 and 1937
89
What was African-American admittance into the CCC like?
very rare when accepted there was mass strict segregation
90
what was colloquial term for the NRA
negro run around
91
what did the NRA allow in terms of negroes?
allowed them to be paid less than whites
92
what did the AAA do for blacks?
very little - ignored plight of sharecroppers / tenants being displaced
93
What did the 2nd New Deal do for blacks?
improved their conditions
94
In 1935 how much black families were on relief?
30%
95
By 1936 how many African-american delegates were at the Democratic convention?
30
96
Who was the 1st African-American congressman?
arthur mitchell
97
How many blacks held WPA jobs in 1939?
1million
98
When did 1million blacks hold WPA jobs?
1939
99
By what did the number of blacks in the civil service increase by 1932-41?
X3
100
Who led the negro division of the NYA?
Mary Belthume
101
What fraction of federal housing went to blacks?
1/3
102
How many African-American wards did FDR win out of 15 in 1932?
4
103
How many African-American wards did FDR win out of 15 in 1940?
15
104
What % of blacks had the vote in the south?
only 5%
105
Who arranged for Marion Anderson to sign at the Lincoln Memorial after being refused at Constitution Hall?
Harold Ickes
106
Who sat in the coloured section at a Conference on Human Welfare in 1938?
Eleanor Roosevelt
107
Where did Eleanor Roosevelt show solidarity for blacks at a public event?
Conference on Human Welfare in 1938
108
What did FDR introduce in response to Randolph threatening a march in Washington in 1941 against racism in defence factories
introduced the Fair Employment Practices Committee
109
Who was head of FDR's Bureau of Indian Affairs?
John Collier
110
How many Indian's did the CCC recruit?
12,000
111
How many Indian's were there is a 1930 census?
332,000
112
What Act was passed and when which halted sales of further tribal lands to protect the Indians?
Indian Reorganisation Act
113
What was the other name for the Indian Reorganisation Act?
Wheeler-Howard Act
114
What act did the Indian Reorganisation Act replace?
the Dawes Act
115
What did the Indian Reorganisation Act grant Indians?
tribal sovereignty
116
What did Collier create? How many did it employ?
the Indian Emergency Conservation Plan | employed 85,000 Indians
117
What was a limitation of the Indian Reorganisation Act?
still practically tied to and confined to their own land
118
Who was the Secretary of Labour, what was notable about this?
Frances Perkins | one of many women in high government office
119
Who was the first female ambassador?
Ruth Owen
120
Why did politicians not set out to seek the female vote?
``` did not vote as a gender group voted more along class lines ```
121
What did the NRA allow for for women?
to be paid less than men
122
What was notable about the CCC and women?
did not employ women at all
123
Average annual wage for women | What was this in relation to men
$525 | 1/2 of men's
124
Economy Act did what for women?
made many unemployed | banned members of the same family for working for federal government at the same time
125
Out of all Presidents from 1920s-1940s - who was the only one who sought to reverse the growth of government?
Coolidge
126
What was notable about FDR and the growth of government?
continued a growth process which was already underway
127
During the War what did government spending grow by in relation to the previous 150years?
double
128
What was spent on state expenditure in 1902?
$1billion
129
What was spent on state expenditure in 1938?
$10billion
130
Quote from the Economist on role of FDR
Mr Roosevelt may have given the wrong answers to many of his problems. But he is at least the first president of modern America who has asked the right questions

USA (33 decks)

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