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USA > New Deal Timeline Q's > Flashcards

New Deal Timeline Q's Flashcards

1
Q

FDR’s % of the vote;

  • November 1932
  • November 1936
A
  • 1932 : 57%

- 1936 : 61%

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2
Q

Quote of FDR’s in 1933 on what the New Deal would be;

A

“well thought out blueprint for radical change”

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3
Q

Dates of Congress’ 100days of cooperation

A

19th March - 16th June

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4
Q

How many significant measures passed in 100 days?

A

16

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5
Q

What was the 100days initially to deal with?

What did Roosevelt do?

A

banking

used it to take advantage of other problems
e.g farming

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6
Q

Between what days was the Emergency Banking Act composed?

A

5th-9th March

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7
Q

Moley “brains trust” quote on Emergency Banking Act

A

“American capitalism was saved in 8 days”

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8
Q

When was the Trading With the Enemy Act passed? What did it allow government?

A

5th March 1933

Increased powers to govern banking

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9
Q

What did the government do under the Trading with the Enemy Act?

What was the aim?

Why was this limited?

A

Establish 4 day Bank holiday

aimed to stop run on the banks

X32 states had already closed their banks

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10
Q

When was the Emergency Banking Act passed? What body did it use?

A

9th March 1933

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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11
Q

What was the job of the reconstruction finance corporation?

What was the aim of this?

A
  • legacy of Hoover’s
  • buy bank stock and assume bank debt

to increase banks capital and soundness

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12
Q

How did the RFC under FDR differ to Hoovers?

A

Hoover had LOANED money to banks

FDR was INCREASING their CAPITAL

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13
Q

When did FDR announce banks would reopen?

How far was this successful?

By when had $1billion been deposited?

A

12th March 1933

3/4 open by end of March

Beginning of April - $1billion deposited

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14
Q

Was the Emergency Banking Act and Bank Holiday successful? What evidence is there?

A

Yes - increased public confidence

$1billion registered in bank deposits

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15
Q

What did FDR do in March 1933 to show he was cutting the budget?

Why did he do this?

What did this show about his economic spending?

A

Cut civil service salaries
and veteran benefits

Previously criticised Hoover for spending too much

Never abandoned fiscal conservatism

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16
Q

When was the Securities Act for Regulating Wall Street?

What did it mandate?

A

May 1933

  • those who issued misleading prospectuses liable as criminals
  • full info whenever new securities were to be issued
  • regular financial disclosures
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17
Q

What did the Securities Act for Regulating Wall Street set up in 1934? What was its role?

What did it create?

A

Securities and Exchange Commission

Role:

  • oversee stock exchange and punish wrongdoers
  • prohibit buying stock on the margin

Created more equitable conditions for investors

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18
Q

When was the Civilian Conservation Corps set up? When was it shut down?

Within 2 years how many did it employ?

During its duration how many men did it employ?

A

March 1933 - 1941

0.5million men in 2,500 camps within 2 yrs

3million men during its duration

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19
Q

What was the minimum wage in the CCC? Why did FDR favour this approach?

A

$50 monthly
80% had to be sent back to family

Favoured jobs over creation of dependency

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20
Q

Type of people employed within the CCC and numbers;

A
  • no women
  • 250,000 black
  • 12,000 N.Americans

=strict segregation

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21
Q

When was the TVA set up?

Where did it run through?

What did the standard of living in the 30s and 40s for those involved increase by?

A

May 1933

Tennessee and 7 of the poorest states

200% increase in standard of living

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22
Q

TVA rate of electricity

National rate of electricity

A

$2.5kwH = TVA

$5.5kwH = national

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23
Q

Why was the TVA unusual for its time?

A
  • unusual entrance of gov into business
  • 1st publicly owned electricity organisation
  • gov in direct competition with utility companies
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24
Q

When did the USA leave the gold standard?

When did Britain do this?

A

USA - June 1933

Britain - Sept 1931

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25
Q

When was the Glass-Steagall act? What was its main objective?

A

June 1933

Prohibit commercial banks participating in investment banking business

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26
Q

What was the aim of the Glass-Steagall Act?

A

decrease banks participating in speculative activity

restore public confidence

stop run on banks

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27
Q

What body did the Glass-Steagall Act introduce that can be seen as a reform? How long did it last until?

A

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

1999

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28
Q

Why was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation criticised in hindsight?

A

kept open many small banks which should have been nationalised

which was a key problem of the 1920s

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29
Q

When was the gold buying act?

What type of tactic was this? What was its aim?

A

october - december 1933

Warren-Pearson tactic
method of devaluing currency

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30
Q

What was the real damage of the gold buying act?

What did it show Roosevelt was doing?

A

critical time lost in a solution economists had foretold would not be successful

Roosevelt was experimenting

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31
Q

When was the CWA introduced?

How long did it last until?

A

November 1933

lasted until April 1934

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32
Q

How many people did the CWA provide temporary employment?

What was their average weekly wage?

A

4million

$15 weekly

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33
Q

Why was the CWA established?

What was it spending monthly and what does this show?

A

PWA was too slow to mobilise

established as form of immediate relief

spending $200monthly
= shows PWAs limitations

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34
Q

When was 21st amendment repealed? what did this lead to?

A
  • wine production of Pacific coast
  • grain demand
    = tackles underconsumption
  • gov now earning tax revenue again
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35
Q

When was the London Economic Conference?

A

July 1933

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36
Q

What X2 bodies did the National Industrial Recovery Act set up? when was it established?

A

November 1933

  • PWA
  • NRA
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37
Q

NRA caused production costs to increase by what? What did this do?

It was also responsible for what % of wage increases?

A

production costs = 40% increase
disincentivised hiring

26% of wage increases

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38
Q

Number of codes and % of industries the NRA went across

A

541 codes

90% of industries

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39
Q

NRA was an example of relief / reform / recovery?

A

relief - no direct / immediate relief

reform - in part due to increasing conditions / labor recognition

recovery - did not stimulate employment / production increases

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40
Q

How much was appropriated for the PWA?

How much did it spend in the first 6months?
What did Roosevelt do to mitigate this?

A

$3.3billion

only $110million in first 6 months
created CWA

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41
Q

Was the PWA successful with housing?

How many other construction projects did they complete in its lifespan?

A

limited with housing - only 25,000 units

34,000 projects

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42
Q

Building projects, opinion by Kirkendall

A

building projects didn’t end the depression

but enabled people to survive who would have had an impossible time surviving without them

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43
Q

Who was the PWA run by?

What was his ideology clearly due to slow mobilisation of PWA?

A

Ickes

reluctance to deviate from self-help / limited government intervention

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44
Q

What was FERA?

When was it set up and how much was it appropriated?

A

Federal Emergency Relief Act

1933

appropriated $500million

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45
Q

Who would distribute the money provided by FERA?

What was its main limitation? Who acknowledged this?

A

states would distribute
= not direct government aid

  • not enough to survive / stimulate consumerism / pay mortgages on
    Hopkins himself acknowledged this
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46
Q

How much did the AAA pay in benefits payments?

Who funded this?

A

$1.5billion by 1936

paid for by food processors

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47
Q

How many Okies moved away due to dust bowl / being tenant farmers during 1930s?

A

300,000

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48
Q

What did the Butler vs USA decision cause in terms of farming?

A
  • decline in farm prices

- decline in amount government was expecting from tax receipts

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49
Q

Value of farm products;

  • 1936
  • 1932
  • 1914
A

1936 - $7billion

1932 - $4billion

1914 - 1936 prices only 80% of this

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50
Q

What was the plan of the AAA?

What did this plan tackle in terms of the farming chain?

A

to increase crop prices by paying gamers a subsidy to compensate for voluntary cutbacks in production

tackeld overproduction - ignored underconsumption

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51
Q

What board was set up to review the NRA?
When?

What did it find?

What does this suggest about the NRA and big business?

A

National Recovery Review Board
1934

reported the NRA favoured big business > small

suggests NRA reinforced big businesses
higher production costs were disadvantage to smaller businesses

NRA was not as large a disadvantage to businesses as conservatives suggest

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52
Q

What was the role of the Securities and Exchange Commission?

What type of conditions did it create?

A

prohibit buying stock on the margin

oversaw stock exchange and punished wrong-doers

created better conditions for US businesses as was more equitable market for investors

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53
Q

How many workers went on strike in 1934?

What did this do in relation to the threat from the left?

A

1.5million workers

hyperbolised the threat

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54
Q

What did FDR do in relation to the tariffs set by Hoover?

Why was this actually beneficial?

A

did not modify them

allowing cheap foreign goods onto market would have destroyed any hope of increasing prices

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55
Q

What was the Trade Agreements Act? When was it signed?

What did it show about the New Deal?

A

1934

recognition that rejection of international cooperation had gone too far

gave FDR power to revise tariffs up to 50%

Never developed coherent trade policy

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56
Q

What X2 legislations in relation to housing were passed in 1934?

A

Federal Housing Administration

Home Owners Loan Corporation

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57
Q

Role of federal housing administration?

What did this stimulate and how?

A

gave federal insurance on special mortgages for those buying new homes

stimulation of construction industry via assisting provision of purchasing power

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58
Q

Role of home owners loan corporation?

When was it set up?

Was it successful?

A

protect individuals from home repossession via refinancing mortgages at more easily repayable rates

1934

no relief to unemployed - could not afford mortgage even at low rates

250,000 homes repossessed by 1937

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59
Q

What X2 pieces of farm legislation were introduced in 1934?

A
  • Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act

- Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

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60
Q

Role of Franzier-Lemke

Who did it aid?

When was it ruled unconstitutional?

A

restricts banks ability to repossess farms

aided farmers at risk of foreclosure

unconditional in 9:0 verdict May 1935 Black Monday

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61
Q

What Act was passed in 1934 in relation to Native Americans?

What did this do?

A

Indian Reorganisation Act

reversed Dawes Act

allows collective land ownership

advancement of cultural industry

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62
Q

Who ran the Indian Reorganisation Act?

What body / individual?

A

Bureau of Indian Affairs

John Collier

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63
Q

Farm foreclosures;

  • 1931
  • 1933
  • 1937
A
  • 1931 : 19
  • 1933 : 39
  • 1937 : 18
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64
Q

1934 Midterm elections information;

A
  • democrats gain largest majority to date
    69/96 seats in Congress
  • increase in radicals
    e. g farm labour party
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65
Q

What was the role of the Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act?

A

reschedule farmers debts

to avoid foreclosures

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66
Q

What X2 bodies were involved in the Emergency Relief and Appropriation Act? When was this act passed?

A

1935

  • WPA
  • Resettlement Agency
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67
Q

How many people did the WPA employ in its existence? What % of these were women at its peak year?

How long was its existence?

A

8yr existence
8.5million people during duration

at peak year only 15% of workforce were women

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68
Q

What were the wages like provided by the WPA?

A
  • more than relief
  • less than private employment
  • averaged $52 weekly
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69
Q

Who led the WPA?

What was he quoted as saying?

What was his position remembered as?

What had he previously led?

A

Hopkins

“give a man dole and you sink his body and destroy his spirit”

most powerful man in the administration after FDR

previously led FERA

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70
Q

What type of projects did the WPA engage in?

A

mass of variety and volume

_ 1.2billion school lunches

  • 150 new airports
  • Federal Theatre Project
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71
Q

How many did the Federal Writers Project employ at its peak?

A

6,000 journalists

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72
Q

What was the expenditure of the WPA between 1936-39?

A

$7billion

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73
Q

What was a limitation of employment by the WAP?

A
  • wages less than private business

- employment only for one year

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74
Q

What shows the extent to which the WPA supported a large proportion of the population?

What does this show?

A

20% of the male workforce at one point had worked for the WPA

Shows the New Deal was a temporary holding measure, not a solution

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75
Q

What was the WPA not allowed to do, a clause which appeased big business?

A

not allowed to do large scale projects

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76
Q

What was the situation with the arts subsidies and the WPA?

A

stability and want to decrease expenditure meant arts subsidies scrapped in 1939

however popularity meant all states found local sponsors to continue to fund the programmes

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77
Q

Resettlement Administration led by who?

What was his aim?

A

Tugwell

move 500,000 to Greenbelt sites

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78
Q

How successful was the Resettlement Administration?

A

only 4,440 families moved

Only X3 greenbelt sites created

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79
Q

What do historians see Roosevelt’s wealth tax act as being an attempt to?

A

steal Huey’s thunder

80
Q

What was notable about the right’s influence on the Wealth Tax Act?

A
  • abolished inheritance tax
  • reduced corporation tax
  • successfully voted out corporation tax in 1938
81
Q

What was the legacy of the Wagner Act in terms of government and labour?

What did the Wagner Act set up?

A

committed government to long-term role in labour relations

National Labour Relations Boards

82
Q

% belonging to Unions;

  • 1933
  • 1945
A
  • 1933 : under 10%

- 1945 : 35%

83
Q

What strikes in the 1930s suggested Wagner act was disadvantage of the right / corporations?

A

1936 US Steel and GM sit in strikes
= loss of productivity
= government refuses army support for corporations

84
Q

Following the Wagner Act what happened to the demographic of Roosevelt’s supporters?

A

increased political support for the Democratic party

85
Q

What corporation tackled the Wagner Act?

Were they successful?

When was the verdict?

A

US Steel

Unsuccessful (5:4 constitutional)

April 1937

86
Q

When did the Bonus Marchers approach FDR for the 2nd time?

What was his repose?

A

1935

vetoed their bonus payments
argued government should be careful w/ money

87
Q

What did the Wagner Act provide unions?

A
  • employers could no longer fire based on union membership
  • right to join unions
  • right to collectively bargain
  • energisation of union formation
88
Q

Who did the Wagner Act not apply to?

What was notable about African Americans?

A

Wagner didn’t apply to domestic / agricultural workers (anyone involved in intrastate commerce)

65% of African Americans worked in these occupations

89
Q

Who was a mass supporter of the Wealth Tax Act?

A

La Follett of the left’s progressive party

90
Q

When did Townsend’s OAPI peak?

A

following the social security act
1935
2.2million

91
Q

What was notable about the introduced of the SSA?

What happened to prices due to the SSA, why?

A
  • first measure of direct help

- prices rose as employers funded their contributions via increasing their profits

92
Q

How were pensions funded?

What did they range from?

A

employer funded
employee contributions

$10-$85

93
Q

how was unemployment insurance funded?

A

payroll taxes

94
Q

Due to the social security act how much was taken from wage earners, since the scheme was self-financing?

What is it consequently arguable?

A

$2billion

arguably that attempts to increase purchasing power were undermined

95
Q

Unemployment benefit;

  • payment
  • duration
A
  • $18weekly

- max of 16weeks

96
Q

Who was exempted from the SSA?

A
  • domestic / agricultural workers
97
Q

What was the legacy of the SSA?

A

breakthrough in government tradition

Showed people they had socio-economic rights which should be protected by the government

Never before was there a direct relief system

Sent message government cared

98
Q

When was the Schechter Poultry Corp case?

What was the verdict?

Why was this the verdict?

A

May 1935 - black monday

9:0 unconstitutional against the NRA

Argued that the NRA was involving itself too much in intra-state commerce

99
Q

PUHCA was popular where?

Was not popular where?

A

popular in public-power conscious Pacific North West - saw FDR as with them against big business

voted down, even by Democrats, in the East

100
Q

Who did companies have to register with under the PUHCA?

A

Securities and Exchange Commission

101
Q

What did the PUHCA achieve?

A

rid the capitalist system of some of its worst excesses

strengthened system + public confidence in it

102
Q

Who was governor of federal reserve at time of banking act?

What did he believe was the situation?

A

Eccles

Thought wall street had too much power

103
Q

Conditions on the Banking Act of 1935

A
  • banks can elect their own heads
  • rediscount change decisions made by federal government
  • banks had to register with and accept Fed’s authority
104
Q

Examples of New Deal posing a hinderance to private businesses;

A
  • NRA 1933
    (although National Recovery Review Board suggested gave big business an advantage)
  • WAGNER 1935
    energised union formation
    e.g GM / US Steel Sit In Strikes 1936-37
  • WEALTH TAX ACT 1935
    although successfully reduced to only symbolic significance
  • FAIR LABOUR STANDARDS ACT 1938
    increased wages for 300,000
    decreased hours for 1.3million
105
Q

Union membership for women increased from what to what during the New Deal?

A

from 250,000 in 1933

to 500,000 in 1945

106
Q

In 1945 how many in unions;

  • men
  • women

Name reasons for this;

A
  • men : 14million
  • women : 500,000

Fewer women in the workforce in general

Male hostility towards female union membership

107
Q

Budgets and deficits;

  • 1936 Budget & Deficit
  • 1937 Budget & Deficit
A
  • 1936 :
    spending $8.4billion
    deficit $4.4billion
  • 1937
    spending $7.7billion
    deficit $2.7billion
108
Q

Number of rural farms with electricity;

  • 1936 : 12.5%
  • 1939 : 25%

What was the increase in the number of famers which gained electricity due to the REA?

A
  • 1936 : 12.5%
  • 1939 : 25%
    1. 5million farms benefit
109
Q

What is the REA credited for doing?

A
  • bringing 1.5million more farms electricity
  • modernisation of farming
  • increasing demand for electrical goods
110
Q

When was the soil conservation act passed?

What was its action?

What was a criticism of it?

A

6 weeks following Butler vs USA case

payments for crop reduction via soil conservation practices

like AAA - large scale farmers had the most to gain

111
Q

Butler vs USA decision

verdict / votes

when?

A

6:3 unconstitutional

January 1936

112
Q

1936 Presidential election details;

A
  • FDR : 61% (27.7million) had increased majority
  • LANDON : 36.5% (16.7million )
  • LEMKE (NUOSJ) : 880,000
    H.L assassinated in Sept 1935
  • BROWDER : 79,000

Election participation : 62% (had increased)

113
Q

Value of farm products;

  • 1932
  • 1936

Why was this still limited?

A
  • 1932 : $4billion
  • 1936 : $7billion

Still only 80% of their 1914 level

114
Q

What was cancelled in 1937 in relation to federal relief?

What effect did this have?

A

no more aid to be given to alines

reduced costs
effectively closed the Mexican border

115
Q

What did not pass in 1937?

Why can it be suggested that this was not simply a result of the Judiciary Reform Bill?

A
  • Anti-lynching Bill
  • FDR always required support of Southern Democrats
  • it did not pass in 1934 - even when FDR had support of SC and Congress
116
Q

What type of opposition was formed following FDR’s JRB?

How can their influence be seen?

A

conservation coalition opposition
made up of southern democrats and conservatives

made gains in 1938 mid-terms

117
Q

Following the Roosevelt recession what stimulus package did Roosevelt ask Congress for?

Where did this money go to?

What was a limitation of this money?

A

$3.75billion

went to funding WPA / PWA

no where near the amount spent during the war

118
Q

During war what was the increase in spending?

  • 1939
  • 1941
  • 1944
  • 1945
A

1939 : 40% of GDP

1941 : $41billion

1944 : 80% of GDP

1945 : $260billion

119
Q

When was FDR’s special congressional session?

What was issued?

What was achieved?

How many senators were rural?

A

November 1937

Conservative manifesto

None of FDR’s legislation passed

54/96 senators rural

120
Q

Evidence for increased stability of financial system in 1936

A

no bank closures for first time in 50years

121
Q

African American voter realignment, number of wards where FDR gains majority;

  • 1932
  • 1936
  • 1940

What happened to FDR’s % of the VOTE 1932-36?

A
  • 1932 = 4/15
  • 1936 = 9/15
  • 1940 = 15/15

1932-36 : FDR’s A-A vote X2

122
Q

African Representation in 1936 in politics

A
  • 30 A-A delegates at democrat convention

- 1st African-American Congressman (Mitchell)

123
Q

Number of sit down strikes;

1936 -

1937 -

Arguably caused by what?

A

1936 : 48

1937 : 477

Wagner Act gave unions right to collectively bargain and energised their formation
More people were union members

124
Q

Wagner-Steagall housing act : started when?

How many homes did it build?

What was its key success?

What did it establish?

A

1937

only built 160,000

key success was created vermin free areas, regeneration and so building confidence

established United States Housing Authority

125
Q

What did the Untied States Housing Authority provide?

Why was a housing authority needed?

Was it successful?

A

$500million in loans for low cost housing projects

public-works projects had not dealt much with housing

small gesture toward housing - but nowhere near enough

126
Q

In What year did production surpass 1929 levels, albeit only briefly?

A

1937

127
Q

When did FDR request the $3.75billion relief budget?

A

April 1938

128
Q

When were the post-dust bowl rains?

How many did it make homeless?

What was the effect of this?

A

1937

150,000 homeless

removed surplus workforce
= left remaining large, more efficient farms

129
Q

When was the Farm Security Administration set up?

What did it provide farmers?

How much had been spent by 1941? How many families availed of these loans?

Why couldn’t it accomplish anything large scale?

A

1937

rehabilitation loans to purchase family sized farms on low interest

$1billion by 1941
900,000 families

didn’t have representation in congress so couldn’t accomplish on mass scale

130
Q

What X2 New Deal legislations contrasted each other in their agendas?

A
  • Farm Security Administration

- Resettlement Agency

131
Q

The Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation had refinanced what % of farms by 1940?

How many farms was it still saving daily?

A

20% of farms remortgaged

Still saving 300 farms daily

132
Q

Evidence that government spending was in fact working and that there was some recovery in the economic climate under the New Deal?

A

When Roosevelt reduced the budget by $0.7billion in 1937 unemployment increased from 6million to 10million

which was 20%

133
Q

Impacts of Roosevelt abandoning deficit spending in 1937

A
  • farm prices drop 20%
  • unemployment increases (6mil —> 10mil)
  • car production down 50%
  • stock market down 30%
  • 68% of new deal gains wiped out
134
Q

What does Roosevelt abandoning deficit financing in 1937 show?

A
  • inherently an economic conservative
  • that his spending prior to 1937 was ‘timid’
  • shows New Deal was a ‘holding exercise’ not a solution
135
Q

Why were most loans, given by the Farm Security Administration, repaid successfully?

How many farming families had borrowed?

What was the value of these loans in total?

A

repaid successfully due to increasing farm prices - especially during WWII (250% increase)

900,000 families
$1billion in value

136
Q

When was housing tackled as a priority?

What evidence is there of not being tackled successfully in the New Deal?

A

In FDR’s Second Bill of Rights
= families have right to a decent home

Wagner-Steagall act only provided $500million
only built 160,000 homes

Public Works Administration only produced 25,000 homes

Resettlement administration only formed X3 Greenbelt sites

137
Q

What was evidence that the Securities and Exchange Commission was working and that reform had been implemented in insider dealing?

A

R. Whitney was imprisoned for embezzlement in 1937

Whitney was President of the New York Stock Exchange

138
Q

What was the significance of Fannie Mae’s set up?

Who did it mainly benefit?

What was its other name

A

supposed to ease trade in mortgages

largely only benefitted white Americans

Federal National Mortgage Association

139
Q

What were acts like the Resettlement Administration, Federal Housing Administration, Wagner-Steagall Housing Act and Fannie Mae’s set up meant to encourage?

A

Increase in home ownership

idea of a property owning democracy would be an antidote to the ‘red revolution’

140
Q

What happened in 1938 which demonstrated the continued influence of the right?

What type of significant election did this follow?

What did this suggest the mood for government was?

What did this reduce the effectiveness of?

A
  • Congress vote out CORPORATION TAX
  • followed 1938 mid-term congressionals
    the right had made gains : increased X2 representation in the house and 8 senate seats

mood for less government intervention

reduced wealth tax act’s effectiveness

141
Q

What were the clauses in the Fair Labour Standards Act?

A
  • minimum wage $0.25 cents per hour
  • prohibits child labour
  • 40hr week
142
Q

What was the significance of the Wagner Act and other labour related acts?

A

recognised providing wages was a way to stimulate consumption

which was vital for recovery of economy

143
Q

What was the Gueffey-Snyder Act?

When was it passed?

What was it catalysed by?

A

fairer labour standards for coal industry

1937

catalysed by Wagner Act

144
Q

When did USA begin rearmament?

With what capacity did they rearm?
What does this suggest about the recovery of the New dEal?

A

December 1938

mass industry capacity present
2/3 of steel factories still idle
unemployment still 9.5million in 1939

suggests New Deal was more a provision of relief rather than recovery

145
Q

In 1939 how many people still required relief?

What was relief expenditure in;

  • 1925
  • 1930
  • 1940
A
  • 1925 : $0
  • 1930 : $9million
  • 1940 : $479million + $480 on unemployment relief
146
Q

How many African americans had held WPA jobs?

How many had held CCC jobs?

What was the increase in African Americans with civil service jobs?

How many African Americans in 1939 were receiving relief? What fraction of housing weren’t to African-Americans>

A
  • 1million WPA jobs
  • 250,000 CCC jobs
  • X3 increase in civil service
  • 35% of African-Americans receiving relief
  • 1/3 of housing
147
Q

Net personal income;

1929 -

1939 -

What had population increased by?
Why was this not necessarily as bad as it seemed?

A

1929 - $86billion

1939 - $73billion

population increase - 9million

prices had decreased

148
Q

what did the % of married women in the workplace increase by? from what to what

What was their income like?

A

increase from 11.5% to 15.5% of married women working

women’s average wage still have of man
%525per annum

some legislation that married women could not work for federal government if their partner did

149
Q

Why did the Fair Labour Standards Act omit certain types of professions?

What professions were these?

Name another act these professions were also limited from

A

to pass through Southern Congressmen

farming / domestic service

also restricted from Wagner act

150
Q

Unemployment;

  • 1932
  • 1933
  • 1936
  • 1937
  • 1939
A
  • 1932 : 24%
  • 1933 : 18millin
  • 1936 : 6million
  • 1937 : Roosevelt recession
    10million
  • 1939 : 9.5million (17%0
151
Q

Average wages;

  • 1929
  • 1939

Net total personal income

  • 1929
  • 1939
A

Wages;

  • 1929 : $25.03
  • 1939 : $23.86

Net total personal income;

  • 1929 : $86billion
  • 1939 : $73billion
152
Q

Executive Offices of the President passed via what means?

Why was this method of passing notable?

When?

A

via executive order - in defiance of Congress

Shows the extent to which FDR had lost control of Congress

September 1939

153
Q

What did the Executive Offices of the President creation see FDR recognising?

A
  • that government involvement would be increased and permanent
154
Q

What did the creation of the Executive Offices of the President do?

A
  • expansion of staff
  • promotion via merit
  • increased development of government departments
155
Q

What can the Executive Offices of the President be seen as a response to?

A
  • natural progression of New Deal

- response to increasing militarisation and WWII on horizon

156
Q

What does Schlesinger see the 3rd New Deal as?

A

government response to Roosevelt recession

permanent government spending to solve economy problems

157
Q

What was the role of the 2nd AAAA?

When was it set up?

A

replace the first AAA which was ruled unconstitutional

  • provided FOOD STAMP PLAN to those on relief
    = $0.50 centre worth of surplus for every $1 spent on groceries
  • of increasing benefit to smaller farms
    = used quota system rather than paying land owners
158
Q

What were the loans like provided by the Wagner-Seteagall housing Act?

What could homes built under the W-S Housing Act be rented out for?

A

could be up to 100% - at low interest to stimulate consumption

could rent as low as $15 weekly

159
Q

What was the amount of unemployment benefit paid out weekly?

How many weeks could it be paid out for?

A

$18weekly

16weeks

160
Q

Limitations of the New Deal;

A
  • unequal distribution of wealth still
    = roughly constant in 1920s as in 1930s
  • housing shortages / displacement
  • not too much done to close UNIT banks
  • big business power still present
161
Q

Corporation Profits;

1932 -

1936 -

A

1932 - -$2billion (in the negative)

1936: $5billion (in the positive)

162
Q

How many workers in different industries went on strike during 1934?

A

1.5million workers

163
Q

The Public Utility Holding Company Act faced most opposition from whom?

What was the role of the Supreme Court in the PUHCA?

A
  • big businesses and the East (even democrats)

SC mandated that all companies had to register in accordance with the PUHCA

164
Q

What body attacked the Wealth Tax Act in 1935?

A

US Chamber of Commerce

165
Q

What was clear about FDR’s win and big cities?

A

won all cities of over 100,000 people

apart form X2

166
Q

What type of Democrat was increasingly drawn to Liberty Leaguers during the 1930s?

Why?

Give an example

A

Wilsonian

believed FDR had abandoned principles of equality of opportunity

Al Smith

167
Q

What was the 2nd New Deal more an example of in terms of its direction?

A

The administration addressing the public’s concerns

involving itself increasingly in the lives of the public

Schlesinger: reintroduction of competition with regulations on fair play

168
Q

What did Schlesinger see the first new deal as?

A

reducing competition to favour cooperation

e.g AAA / NRA

169
Q

How would the 2nd AAA be funded?

How was this different to the 1st?

What was this an example of?

A

Entirely federally funded

Included no processors tax

Example of FDR accepting increasing deficit finance as means to recovery

170
Q

What did Keynes describe Roosevelt as?

A

an “economic illiterate”

171
Q

How much stock did the RFC hold in US banks?

A

held stock in 50% of US banks by 1935

172
Q

Which states mainly suffered from the Dust Bowl?

A
  • Kansas
  • Texas
  • Oklahoma
173
Q

What did the coal code not include?

Why was this?

A
  • hours / wage conditions
  • large part of the workforce were African-Americans
    = so required the code to be lax to pass the through
174
Q

What did Ford do in relation to striking workers?

When did he finally accept them?

A

hired strike breakers to beat up / replace strikers

only accepted strikers in 1941

175
Q

Kirkendall’s view on building programs

A

Didn’t bring the depression to an end…but enabled people to survive who would have had an impossible time surviving without them

176
Q

What was the fundamental failure of the Glass-Steagall Act?

What R does this suggest was not successfully tackled?

A

Did not reverse the McFadden act and prohibit UNIT banking

Suggests banking REFORMS were not adequately tackled

177
Q

% of women employed in peak year;

CCC :

CWA :

WPA :

A

CCC : 0%

CWA : 7%

WPA : 15%

178
Q

Which Act was actually a Republican measure which was too slow to pass?

What was a fundamental limitation of this act?

A

Glass-Steagall Act June 1933

Limited in that it did not address 1927’s McFadden Act which prohibited branch banking in many states

179
Q

Ways in which the TVA helped consumers;

A
  • lower electricity prices (more people could access / more disposable income)
  • massive employer
  • standard of living increased 200% for those involved
  • tempted industrialists into Tennessee and the 7 states it ran through
180
Q

How could the TVA be considered discriminatory;

A

TVA’s fertiliser program did not provide for traditionally African-American agricultural colleges

181
Q

How could the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 be considered to fuel discrimination

Why did this not massively fuel discrimination

A

set a minimum wage of $0.25 hourly

which incentivised businesses to hire predominantly white workers

did not massively fuel discrimination since 1937 legislation which refused federal aid to ‘aliens’ already saw decrease in number of immigrants

182
Q

Who was in charge of the National Youth Administration

How many students involved

How many non-students

How did it differ from the type of people employed in the CCC?

When was its African-American division set up?

A

Aubrey Williams

  1. 1million students involved
  2. 6million non-students

Women were permitted

Negro Division from 1937

183
Q

Quote of Roosevelts about how the New Deal must be passed;

What was he referring to?

A

“I did not choose the tools with which I must work”

New Deal required many groups to support it and pass its legislation in order to be implemented - FDR required the support of Southern Democrats who were often segregationist

184
Q

Argument for why the Wagner Act was not disastrous for businesses?

A

some businesses regard unions as more controllable than wildcat strikes

185
Q

How was the National Youth Administration enforced?

Under what existing branch did it form under?

A

via executive order

formed under WPA

186
Q

What did the 2nd CCC include?

X3

A
  • commodity credit corporation
  • food stamp plan
  • quota system
187
Q

Major criticism of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A

kept open many small banks which should have been nationalised

DECREASED THE URGENCY of calls to allow BRANCH BANKING

questionable how far reform was achieved if fundamental weaknesses were the basis of such

188
Q

Why was the Gold Purchasing Plan a failure? X2

A
  • it did devalue the dollar - but failed to impact commodity crisis by increasing prices
  • wasted time on a solution economists foretold would not work
189
Q

What was the aim of the Gold Purchasing Plan?

A

to devalue the dollar

which was hoped to be a REFLATIONARY TACTIC to increase COMMODITY PRICES

190
Q

How many home mortgages did the Home Owners Loan Corporation Purchase?

A

1million

191
Q

Who wrote the NRA codes?

What does this explain?

Who predicted this?

A

NRA codes written by the heavyweights of the industries who they were for

Explains why National Recovery Review Board found they favoured big business

Huey Long predicted this

192
Q

Who made the largest contribution to democratic party funds by 1940?

What does this exemplify?

A

Unions

shows how the Wagner Act energised their formation

shows how blue-collar voters were becoming increasingly loyal to FDR

193
Q

How can the Farm Security Administration be seen as providing some form of relief?

When were the post-dustbowl rains?
How many were left homeless?

A

set up X30 temporary camps to house displaced farmers

Post-dustbowl rains : 1937
150,000 left homeless

194
Q

Who wanted to stick to balancing the budget who was in a prominent position within the New Deal?

A

Morgenthaul

Secretary of the Treasury

195
Q

What did Perkins describe the motivation behind the New Deal as?

A

helping the ‘forgotten man’

USA (33 decks)

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