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USA > Agriculture and the 1st New Deal > Flashcards

Agriculture and the 1st New Deal Flashcards

1
Q

During FDR’s first term what did farm income rise by?

A

50%

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2
Q

In 1931 how many farms did Alston calculate went into foreclosure?

A

19 out of every 1,000

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3
Q

In 1933 how many farms were foreclosed upon?

A

39 out of every 1,000

up dramatically from 1931

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4
Q

In 1937 how many farms were foreclosed upon? Was this lower than the 1931 amount?

A

18 out of every 1,000

yes but only by 1 for every 1,000

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5
Q

Ever since when had there been too many small scale farmers in USA?

A

WWI where cotton and food demand was so great

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6
Q

What was the most long-term sustainable solution to agriculture?

A

farmers would have to pursue other occupations (e.g war) otherwise low farm incomes and high foreclosures would persist

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7
Q

DATE : AAA

A

1933

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8
Q

What did AAA stand for?

A

Agricultural Adjustment Act

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9
Q

What did the AAA’s passing do immediately?

A

avert a planned famers strike for May 1933

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10
Q

Despite AAA being government intervention, what was encouraged?

A

self-regulation

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11
Q

Purpose : AAA

A

fundamental plan was to raise crop prices

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12
Q

Action : AAA

A

paid farmers subsidies to compensate for voluntary cut backs in production

set production quotas

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13
Q

What assumption was at the heart of there AAA’s action?

A

assumption that the fundamental problem was one of overproduction

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14
Q

What did the AAA ignore, suggesting it was overproduction as the fundamental problem?

A

ignored under consumption as a problem

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15
Q

How many pigs were slaughtered in 1933?

A

6million

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16
Q

When were slaughtering practices stopped?

A

1934

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17
Q

Who received the AAA’s subsidy payments? Who was at the losing end of this relationship?

A

payments went to land owners - so favoured big businesses

sharecroppers and tenants (most of the African American population) were left out

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18
Q

What did big agriculture use subsidy payments to invest in? What did this hurt?

A

landowners bought labour saving machinery

hurt employment

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19
Q

Who was forced to leave the land due to AAA policy, why?

A

benefitted land owners to be planting less crop, so forced sharecroppers and tenants out

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20
Q

How much had been paid in benefit payments to farmers by 1936?

A

$1.5billion

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21
Q

How was money for benefit payments to farmers raised?

A

by taxes food processors

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22
Q

What consequences did the taxing of food processors have?

A

food price hikes

processors and stores pass on tax costs to consumers via high retail price

= continuation of hunger problem

23
Q

A rise in commodity prices may be due to the AAA, or what other factor?

A

Dust Bowl’s drought conditions 1933-36

24
Q

What event had to occur to significantly reduce farm surplus and increase farm income significantly?

A

WWII

25
Q

How many workers in the AAA? What did this create?

A

only 3,000

many inefficiencies, huge administrative task

26
Q

How many moved away from mid-west and farming during 1930s? What was their colloquial name?

A

300,000 “Okies”

27
Q

What weather phenomenon encouraged farmers to move away? When did most migrate?

A

Dust Bowl, particularly 1935-38

28
Q

What do many historians in hindsight see the problem with agriculture as?

A

under consumption rather than over production

29
Q

Evidence for underconsumption being agriculture’s fundamental problem

A

if everyone in USA could afford adequate diet, farmers would need to increase production

30
Q

When did the Supreme Court rule against the AAA?

A

1936

31
Q

What did the S.C rule was unconstitutional about the AAA?

A

the processing tax

32
Q

What was the 1936 case against the USA?

A

USA vs Butler

33
Q

What did the 1936 USA vs Butler decision do to prices / taxes?

A

sharp price decline

deprived government of anticipated receipts from taxes

34
Q

DATE : Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

A

1934

35
Q

What was the F-LFFBA of 1934?

A

Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

36
Q

Action : Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

A

restricted banks ability to repossess farms

37
Q

Purpose : Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

A

attempted to help farmers at risk of foreclosure

38
Q

Who opposed the Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act?

A
  • banks

- Supreme Court - which upended it

39
Q

What happened to the Franzier-Lemke Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act which allowed it to pass again through the Supreme Court?

A

added a 3 year moratorium

40
Q

How long after the AAA was ruled unconstitutional was the Soil Conservation Act established?

A

6 weeks after

41
Q

Action : Soil Conservation Act

A

payments to farmers who reduced their farming of soil depleting crops and planted legumes

42
Q

Purpose : Soil Conservation Act

A

achieving crop reduction via soil conservation practices

43
Q

Who had the most to gain from the Soil Conservation Act?

A

Big, large-scale farmers

44
Q

DATE : Farm Mortgage refinancing Act

A

1934

45
Q

Purpose : Farm Mortgage refinancing Act

A

helped farmers with debts by rescheduling them - avoiding foreclosures

46
Q

What did the Farm Mortgage refinancing Act do to farmers debts?

A

reschedule them

47
Q

When was the 21st amendment passed?

A

December 1933

48
Q

What amendment repealed prohibition?

A

21st

49
Q

How many attempts did it take to have the 18th amendment repealed?

A

3

50
Q

What Act did the 21st amendment reverse? What did this allow for?

A

Volstead Act

allowed manufacture of light beer and wine

51
Q

What did the 21st amendment mean for government revenue?

A

now would receive a source of tax

especially when ‘sin taxes’ imposed

52
Q

How did the 21st amendment help farmers?

A

partly helped via countering underconsumption

increased malt demand

53
Q

Where did wine production geographically develop again?

A

primarily on Pacific Coast

USA (33 decks)

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