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USA > Elections & Politics of 1920 > Flashcards

Elections & Politics of 1920 Flashcards

1
Q

What was US foreign policy like post-war?

A

return to isolationism

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2
Q

What action showed US was turning back to a policy of isolationism?

A

refusal to sign ToV

did not join LoN

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3
Q

Who dominated the Senate post-war?

A

Republicans

led by Henry Cabot Lodge

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4
Q

What was happening to the progressive movement post war? Why?

A

petering out

could no longer sustain that all necessary reforms could be supported by all

arguably prosperity created by WWI led to progressivism’s decline

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5
Q

What was notable about the municipal elections of 1917 despite patriotic propaganda?

A

Socialists made large gains

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6
Q

What gains did Socialists make in 1917 municipal elections?

A

Candidate for NY mayor received X5 more than in previous election

Chicago party vote X10

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7
Q

What was the prime focus of the 1920 election?

A

government role at home & isolationism in foreign affairs

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8
Q

Who won the 1920 election?

A

Harding (Republican)

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9
Q

What majority did Harding win the 1920 election with?

A

61% (largest victory margin)

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10
Q

what was Harding’s election win based on the promise of

A

“return to normalcy”

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11
Q

What was Harding’s cabinet derogatorily referred to as

A

“cabinet of millionaires”

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12
Q

Who did Harding appoint as Secretary of the Treasury

A

Mellon

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13
Q

Who did Harding appoint as Secretary of Commerce

A

Hoover

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14
Q

Name one of Harding’s appointments who proved corrupt

A

Fall

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15
Q

What happened to government expenditure under Harding?

A

cut government expenditure

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16
Q

What was government expenditure reduction under Harding from 1920 - 1922

A

$5000mil to $3373million

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17
Q

what did reduced government expenditure allow Mellon to do?

A

cut taxes

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18
Q

What did Harding introduce which went against the principle of laissez faire?

A

Federal Aid for Health Programmes

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19
Q

When was the Budget and Accounting Act introduced?

A

1921

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20
Q

What did the Budget and Accounting Act introduce?

A

attempts to make federal government efficient

departments to present budgets for approval

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21
Q

What was progressivism?

A

Chambers “new interventionism”

believed in capitalism and democracy with a moderate need for reform and thus need for government involvement

believed in social welfare being government responsibility

22
Q

Who took over presidency in 1923 after death of Harding?

A

Coolidge (Republican)

23
Q

Where did Coolidge’s values lie?

A

in small town America - believed in thrift, hard work + low government interference

24
Q

Who was Coolidge especially popular w?

A

“middle America”

^ those who want very little government intervention

25
Q

What was the condition of the democratic party in the 1920s?

A

hopelessly split

e.g dry / wet , conservatives / progressives

26
Q

When was Coolidge’s first election?

A

1924

27
Q

How many voted for the progressives in 1924?

A

4.8mil

28
Q

How many voted for democrats in 1924?

A

8.3mil

29
Q

How many voted republican in 1924?

A

15.7mil

30
Q

What did Mellon’s economic ideology believe in

A 
high tariffs for protectionism
low taxation
greatest freedom to spend with
government to be friendly w big business
fatalist
31
Q

What act was introduced in 1922 which raised tariffs?

A

Fordney-McCumber Act

32
Q

What did the Fordney-McCumber Act mean for Americans?

A

cheaper for Americans to buy American produced goods

33
Q

Why did protection boost US economy?

A

Lack of European goods on the market gave short term boost to economy

34
Q

What were tax cuts seen as?

A

a form of encouragement to spend

35
Q

When were there reductions in federal taxes in the 1920s?

A

1924, 1926, 1928

36
Q

What was the highest tax level in 1920?

A

65%

37
Q

What was the highest tax level in 1928?

A

25%

38
Q

How much did Mellon’s tax reductions save businesses and industry in the 1920s?

A

$3.6billion

39
Q

Did Coolidge’s government operate under surplus of deficit?

A

surplus

40
Q

What was national debt in 1920?

A

$24bn

41
Q

What was national debt in 1930?

A

$16bn

= Coolidge successfully reduces national debt

42
Q

What happened under Coolidge / Mellon in terms of regulations for industries / business?

A

Fewer Regulations

= part of government’s laissez faire, limited intervention

43
Q

Who was Secretary of State under Hoover?

A

Charles Hughes

44
Q

When was the Washington Naval Conference

A

1921-22

45
Q

What did the Washington Naval Conference guarantee in terms of navies and level on military intervention

A

Britain, Japan & US would scrap parts of their navies

suggested 20s would be a period of limited intervention

46
Q

When was the Kellogg Briand Pact

A

1927

47
Q

Why was the K-B Pact significant?

A

Kellogg & Coolidge make treaty multi-lateral as didn’t want same situation as Wilson was in w/ ToV / LoN

48
Q

Who was the 1928 election between?

A

Hoover vs Smith

49
Q

What was Hoover’s role prior to being Republican Presidential Candidate?

A

Secretary of Commerce

50
Q

Who won the 1928 election?

A

Hoover

51
Q

In the 1920’s the number of people living in cities increased by what fraction?

A

1/3

USA (33 decks)

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