Tweety

Question 1

What is the role of the GI system

Answer 1

Bring nutrients/water into internal environment to be used by the body

Question 2

Function of the the GI system

Answer 2

• Motility: transport food into & through the body,
mixing luminal contents, and transport waste out

• Secretion: synthesise and release enzymes,
mucus & serous fluid into the lumen (lumen still part of external environment - internal means blood system and shit)

• Digestion: break nutrients into smaller pieces (mechanically and chemically)

• Absorption: bring nutrients/water from the lumen to
internal environment

Question 3

How does structure allow function

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What is GI system - simple

Answer 4

• long tube with outgrowths

Question 5

What do sphincters do?

Answer 5

close off ends, and separate sections (environments) of tube

Question 6

Within different organs, to allow function to occur there are different____

Answer 6

Environments

Question 7

What is GI system lined by

Answer 7

Epithelium

Question 8

Sphincters what are they

Answer 8

Smooth muscle that can dilate or constrict

Question 9

Unicellular gland

Answer 9

Goblet

Question 10

Features of goblet cells

Answer 10

• columnar
• goblet shape
• apical mucous granules
• basal nucleaus

Question 11

Function of intestine goblet cells

Answer 11

• lubrication
• protective barrier

Question 12

Multicellular glands

Answer 12

Simple and compound

Question 13

Epithelium can invaginate to form

Answer 13

Glands

Question 14

Simple glands:

Answer 14

Gland with single function (e.g stomach and small intestine)

Question 15

Compound glands

Answer 15

gland with 2 or more ducts (e.g. salivary glands)
Increased SA for increased secretion

Question 16

Epithelium in mouth

Answer 16

• need protective epithelium
• statified squamous

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found in the GI system and why

Answer 19

• mouth/oral cavity
• esophagus
• protection from abrasion

Question 20

Location and function of simple columnar epithelia in GI

Answer 20

• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• section and absorbtion

Question 21

Where and why is stratified squamous found and why

Answer 21

• anus
• protection from abrasion

Question 22

4 layers of the gut

Answer 22

1. Mucus
2. Submucosa
3. Musciularis (externa/proper)
4. Adventitia

Question 23

What does the mucosa (GI) consist of?

Answer 23

• epithelium
• basement membrane
• lamina propina (FCT)
• muscularis mucosa
• sometimes multicellular glands

Question 24

What does the submucosa consist of

Answer 24

• FCT
• glands
• blood vessels
• (submucisal nerve plexus)

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

What is secretion regulated by?

Answer 26

Secretion is regulated by the submucosal nerve plexus, part of the enteric nervous system (ENS)

Question 27

What kind of muscle does the muscularis (externa/proper) consist of?

Answer 27

- the muscularis (externa/proper) consists of smooth muscle

Question 28

How many and names of rhe layers of the muscularis ?

Answer 28

- liner circular - outer longitudinal

Question 29

Where is the myenteric plexus

Answer 29

- located between muscle layers

Question 30

What is the myenteric plexus part of

Answer 30

ENS

Question 31

Two gut layers with components in the enteric nervous system.. what are the components?

Answer 31

- myenteric plexus - submucosal nerve plexus

Question 32

What does the myenteric plexus do?

Answer 32

Regulates motility

Question 33

Histology of smooth muscle of the muscularis

Answer 33

Question 34

Features of the Adventitia

Answer 34

- outermost layer - consists of FCT - supports organ and anchors to surrounding structures

Question 35

When organs are in the peritoneal cavity there is an additional,…

Answer 35

Outer covering

Question 36

what is the additional outercovering of the Adventitia called

Answer 36

Serosa

Question 37

What is the serosa

Answer 37

Additional outer covering when organs are in the peritoneal cavity

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

What is the function of having two layers of smooth muscle with different orientations

Answer 39

- motility patterns - different orientations of muscle will cause different movements of the gut tube

Question 40

Why are there glands in both the mucosa and submucosa in some regions?

Answer 40

- more surface area - if more secretion are needed you need more cells - for extra protection

Question 41

Epithelium in the mouth and oral cavity and why

Answer 41

- stratified squamous - protection

Question 42

Where does digestion begin

Answer 42

Mouth and oral cavity

Question 43

How does such digestion start in the mouth - what kind of statergy and what else is needed fir this

Answer 43

- mechanical digestion - chemical digestion - requires enzymes - lubrication is needed

Question 44

How does lubrication occur on mouth and oral cavity

Answer 44

- through salivary glands - secrete mucos and serous fluid

Question 45

Where is food travelling… what kind of epithelium is found here?

Answer 45

Though faucets into oropharynx and laryngopharynx then into esophagus

Question 46

Answer 46

Question 47

What are the salivary glans connected to the oral cavity by?

Answer 47

Ducts

Question 48

How many pairs of salivary glands are connected to the oral cavity via ducts

Answer 48

3

Question 49

The 3 pairs of salivary glands connected to the oral cavity via ducts

Answer 49

Parotid: (Watery) serous fluid with amylase (breakdown carbs) Sublingual: mucus only ( lubrication) Submadibular: mixed

Question 50

Answer 50

Question 51

Salivary glands are ____ glands

Answer 51

Compound

Question 52

Acinus

Answer 52

- cells in clusters

Question 53

What do acinar cells do?

Answer 53

Secrete: - serous fluid and enzymes ( amylase) - mucus

Question 54

Duct cells in salivary glands secrete:

Answer 54

- bicarbonate (buffering)

Question 55

Histological diagram of a submandilbular gland

Answer 55

Question 56

What is the esophagus and how long

Answer 56

Long basic tube modified to pass food About 25cm

Question 57

Where is the esophagus located and where does it extend and end

Answer 57

- located posterior to the trachea - extends from pharynx to stomachs

Question 58

What does the epiglottis ensure?

Answer 58

That food enters the esophagus and not the trachea

Question 59

Answer 59

Question 60

Answer 60

Question 61

What moves the food bolus

Answer 61

Muscularis externa

Question 62

Muscle make up of the muscularis externa of the esophagus down its length

Answer 62

- first 1/3: skeletal muscle - middle 1/3: a mixture - last 1/3: smooth muscle

Question 63

Basic modifications of the esophagus to m=pass food

Answer 63

Muscularis externa: Move food bolus • First 1/3: skeletal muscle • Middle 1/3: a mixture • Last 1/3: smooth muscle Highly folded submucosa and mucosa • Capacity to expand for passage of bolus

Question 64

Answer 64

Question 65

What kind of epithelium is the esophangous

Answer 65

Squamous epithelium

Question 66

Lubrication in the esophangous

Answer 66

- need mucus for lubrication and protection - no goblet cells, instead have glads with ducts to surface - in the mucosa - plus in mucosa close to stomach

Question 67

Answer 67

Question 68

Different structure =

Answer 68

Different function

Question 69

Answer 69

Question 70

What is the role of epithelium in the GI tract

Answer 70

To protect against abrasion (oral cavity/esophagus & anus), to secrete and absorb (stomach and intestines) and to form glands throughout.

Question 71

What are the key features/function of the oral cavity, salivary glands and esophagus?

Answer 71

Oral cavity: receive food, begin digestion Salivary glands: secretions for digestion and lubrication Esophagus: deliver food to stomach