Lecture 14 - Gun To My Head Rn Flashcards
What is the respiratory system and what is its function
Connected organs and structures that function to conduct clean, warm & moist air into close proximity with the blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange
To be effective, the respiratory system needs
- A surface for gas exchange
• Blood and air brought close together but separated - A path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition
- Ability to draw breath in and out
- Plus: Sound production & Olfaction (smell)
What is URT
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Main components of resisraotry system
- urt
- lrt
- thoracic cavity
- joints
- respiratory muscles
Main components of the respiratory system and what they do
Air tract is lines with
Mucosa
What kinds of epithelium do you find in the resisitry system
All of them
What is epithelium attached via and to what?
Epithelium attached via basement membrane to lamina propria (CT)
Epithelium changes along length of tract to reflect…
… funciton
What kind of epithelium is found is the conduction region
• Respiratory epithelium
What kind of eipiethieal is found where air and food travel
• Stratified squamous
What kind of epithelium is found at the site of gas exchange
• Simple squamous
What kind of epeithlum is found in olfacation
• Olfactory mucosa
Most body organs are lines with
A musics a
What does the mucosa constist of? Redo this slide
• epithelia
• attached via a basement epithelia membrane basement
• to the lamina propria membrane s a
lamina propria
• connective tissue • may cntain glands
What do goblet cells produce
Muscus
What does mucus do?
- trap debris, moistens air
What are ciliated cells
• Patterned movement pushes mucus towards pharynx
• Swallowed and digested by stomach acid
- Cilia moves the mucus that’s trapped the debris up the throught
Components of the URT
– Nose & Nasal cavity
– Paranasal sinuses
– Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Functions of URT
Conducting passage (not only air)
- Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
Ensures air is:
- Warm
- Clean
- Moist
- Paranasal sinuses - resonating chambers for speech -
- Olfaction – sensory receptors
What is the primary passages for air
Nose
What is the primary passageway for air
Nose
What is a sinus
cavity within a
bone (normally air filled)
What is pranasal
surrounding
the nose
Where are -arana say sinuses found
Found within frontal,
sphenoid, ethmoid and
maxillary bones
What are paranasal surfaces lined by
Lined with respiratory
mucosa
Where does paranasal sinuses drain into
Drain into pharynx
Function of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten skull
• Increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air
• Sound resonance
• Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses
What is the throat called
Pharynx
What is the pharynx
- Muscular funnel-shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system
What are the three regions of the pharynx
• Nasopharynx (air passage ONLY)
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
Most body organs are lined with a..
… mucosa
What makes up the mucosa
- epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria
- the Latino propria constists of:
- connective tissue
- may contain glands
the Latino propria constists of:
- connective tissue (strength)
- may contain glands
What layer is found below the mucosa layer?
Usually a submucosal layer
What does the submucosal layer consist of
- more connective tissue
- depending on region, may contain many glands
Most of the conductory system is lined by…
Respiratory epithelium
What is respiratory epithelium made of
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
Where is respiratory pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?
Nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
(CONDUCTION ZONE)
What do goblet cells produce?
Mucus
What is mucus responsible for
Cleaning the mucus thats coming in - ASWELL and moisturing the air
What moves mucus along?
Ciliated cells (hair-like projections)
- allows all debris to be pushed towards the throat
What does pseudo stratified mean?
- fake stacked
- appear to be stacked due to location of nucleus but majority of cells are actually attached to basement membrane
What are basal cells?
- regenerative cells - produce more columnar cells
Why does your nose run on a cold day?
In cold temperature, cilia will stop beating. With nothing to help move the mucus towards the pharynx, it can ‘ dribble’ out of your nose.
Why do we couch up mucus when we are unwell?
Normally produce 1-2L of mucus a day. When we’re sick, the body produces more, so we cough to help the cilia move the mucus.
Why do smokers cough?
Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia. This leads to mucus accumulation and coughing try to dislodge it
What is nose?
The primary passageway for air
Components of the nose
- Cartilages (anterior)
- Nostrils
- vestibule lined with skin
Diagram of nose
Feature and function of cartilages
- soft, flexible
- maintain patent (unobstructed/open) airway
Feature of nostrils
- external nares
- entry point
Features of the vestibule lined with skin
- has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
- vibissae (hairs) filter the inhaled hair
Where is the nasal septum located
Midline
Components of the septum
- anterior - cartilage
- posterior - base
What do the internal nares open into?
The nasal cavity
What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by
- ethmoid (green) bones
- sphenoid (puple) bones
Floor of the nasal cavity is formed by hard and soft pallets
What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?
Hard an soft pallets
Where are the conchae?
Lateral walls of the nasal cavity
What is on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Conchae
What are the conchae ?
Three projections
- superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)
What is the conchae lined by?
Respiratory epithelium (helps make it clean, warm and moist)
What does the conchae actually do? Function?
- swirl inspired air
- particles stick to mucosa
- swirling allows more time for warming and humidifying of air, plus olfactory detection
Where is nasal epithelium found?
Nasal cavity
What is nasal eipithelium
- mostly respiratory epithelium
- plus, specialised area of olfactory epithelium ( area on roof of nasal cavity, contains small (olfactory) receptors
Where is the olfactory epithlium found?
Above superior concae
What is the nasal mucosa ?
- epithelium sits on lamina propria
- thin-walled vascular plexus
What does the nasal mucosa do? - warm
- Helps warm incoming air
- when temperature drops, plexus (network) dilates = greater heat transfer
(- air is spun around in the choncae and warmed up by vascular plexus and then passed through the internal nares )
Where do nose bleeds normally originate from?
Damage of the nasal mucosa
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Posterior to the nasal cavity
Nasophyarynx is a ______ ______ only - it is lined with ________ _______
Nasopharynx is an air passage only - it is lines with respiratory mucosa
Where is the nasopharynx
- from internal nares to soft palate
What do the soft palate and uvula do in the nasopharynx
They block it during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity?
The soft palate and uvula
Where to auditory tubes drain into and from where
Auditory tubes drain into the nasopharynx form the middle ear
Where are pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found?
On the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Labels of nasopharynx
Oropharynx - what kind of epithelium and why
- air and food goes through this pathway therefore there is stratified squamous for protection against abrasion
Where is the pharynx located?
Posterior to oral cavity
Where does the pharynx span from ?
From soft palate to hyoid bone
What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
What tonsils are removed when tonsillitis
- palatine tonsils
What is Laryngopharnyx made of
- stratified squamous epithelium - as air and food pass though it
Where does the laryngopharynx spad from?
Hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus
Where does the laryngopharynx end?
At the level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge
When it comes to food and air in swallowing - which have the right of passage
Food
What is the overall function of the respiratory system
To deliver air that is warm, clean and moist to the site of gas exchange
Three key structures of URT:
Nose, nasal cavity and the pharynx
Where is the URT would you find stratified squamous epithelium
- nasal vestibule
- Oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
What are the different types of epithelia found in the URT?
Vestibule of the nose: skin
Nasal cavity: olfactory mucosa
Nasal cavity and nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells)
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium
What are the components of the LRT?
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
Functions of the LRT
- conducts air to/ from the site of gas exchange
- completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
- provides a barrier between the air and blood, and a large surface area for gas exchange
Larynx provides a passage for..
Air only
Where is the larynx located
Anterior to esophagus
Where does the larynx span form?
From the hyoid bone to the trachea
What does the cartilage do in the Larynx
- cartilages protect and maintain an open airway (patent)
What does the epiglottis do?
- closes over the airway when swallowing
