Lecture 14 - Gun To My Head Rn Flashcards
1
Q
What is the respiratory system and what is its function
A
Connected organs and structures that function to conduct clean, warm & moist air into close proximity with the blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange
2
Q
To be effective, the respiratory system needs
A
- A surface for gas exchange
• Blood and air brought close together but separated - A path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition
- Ability to draw breath in and out
- Plus: Sound production & Olfaction (smell)
3
Q
What is URT
A
Upper respiratory tract
4
Q
Lower respiratory tract
A
5
Q
Main components of resisraotry system
A
- urt
- lrt
- thoracic cavity
- joints
- respiratory muscles
6
Q
Main components of the respiratory system and what they do
A
7
Q
Air tract is lines with
A
Mucosa
8
Q
What kinds of epithelium do you find in the resisitry system
A
All of them
9
Q
What is epithelium attached via and to what?
A
Epithelium attached via basement membrane to lamina propria (CT)
10
Q
Epithelium changes along length of tract to reflect…
A
… funciton
11
Q
What kind of epithelium is found is the conduction region
A
• Respiratory epithelium
12
Q
What kind of eipiethieal is found where air and food travel
A
• Stratified squamous
13
Q
What kind of epithelium is found at the site of gas exchange
A
• Simple squamous
14
Q
What kind of epeithlum is found in olfacation
A
• Olfactory mucosa
15
Q
Most body organs are lines with
A
A musics a
16
Q
What does the mucosa constist of? Redo this slide
A
• epithelia
• attached via a basement epithelia membrane basement
• to the lamina propria membrane s a
lamina propria
• connective tissue • may cntain glands
17
Q
What do goblet cells produce
A
Muscus
18
Q
What does mucus do?
A
- trap debris, moistens air
19
Q
What are ciliated cells
A
• Patterned movement pushes mucus towards pharynx
• Swallowed and digested by stomach acid
- Cilia moves the mucus that’s trapped the debris up the throught
20
Q
Components of the URT
A
– Nose & Nasal cavity
– Paranasal sinuses
– Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
21
Q
Functions of URT
A
Conducting passage (not only air)
- Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
Ensures air is:
- Warm
- Clean
- Moist
- Paranasal sinuses - resonating chambers for speech -
- Olfaction – sensory receptors
22
Q
What is the primary passages for air
A
Nose
23
Q
What is the primary passageway for air
A
Nose
24
Q
What is a sinus
A
cavity within a
bone (normally air filled)
25
What is pranasal
surrounding
the nose
26
Where are -arana say sinuses found
Found within frontal,
sphenoid, ethmoid and
maxillary bones
27
What are paranasal surfaces lined by
Lined with respiratory
mucosa
28
Where does paranasal sinuses drain into
Drain into pharynx
29
Function of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten skull
• Increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air
• Sound resonance
• Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses
30
What is the throat called
Pharynx
31
What is the pharynx
- Muscular funnel-shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system
32
What are the three regions of the pharynx
• Nasopharynx (air passage ONLY)
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
33
Most body organs are lined with a..
… mucosa
34
What makes up the mucosa
- epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria
- the Latino propria constists of:
- connective tissue
- may contain glands
35
the Latino propria constists of:
- connective tissue (strength)
- may contain glands
36
What layer is found below the mucosa layer?
Usually a submucosal layer
37
What does the submucosal layer consist of
- more connective tissue
- depending on region, may contain many glands
38
Most of the conductory system is lined by…
Respiratory epithelium
39
What is respiratory epithelium made of
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
40
Where is respiratory pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?
Nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
(CONDUCTION ZONE)
41
What do goblet cells produce?
Mucus
42
What is mucus responsible for
Cleaning the mucus thats coming in - ASWELL and moisturing the air
43
What moves mucus along?
Ciliated cells (hair-like projections)
- allows all debris to be pushed towards the throat
44
What does pseudo stratified mean?
- fake stacked
- appear to be stacked due to location of nucleus but majority of cells are actually attached to basement membrane
45
What are basal cells?
- regenerative cells - produce more columnar cells
46
Why does your nose run on a cold day?
In cold temperature, cilia will stop beating. With nothing to help move the mucus towards the pharynx, it can ‘ dribble’ out of your nose.
47
Why do we couch up mucus when we are unwell?
Normally produce 1-2L of mucus a day. When we’re sick, the body produces more, so we cough to help the cilia move the mucus.
48
Why do smokers cough?
Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia. This leads to mucus accumulation and coughing try to dislodge it
49
What is nose?
The primary passageway for air
50
Components of the nose
- Cartilages (anterior)
- Nostrils
- vestibule lined with skin
51
Diagram of nose
52
Feature and function of cartilages
- soft, flexible
- maintain patent (unobstructed/open) airway
53
Feature of nostrils
- external nares
- entry point
54
Features of the vestibule lined with skin
- has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
- vibissae (hairs) filter the inhaled hair
55
Where is the nasal septum located
Midline
56
Components of the septum
- anterior - cartilage
- posterior - base
57
What do the internal nares open into?
The nasal cavity
58
What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by
- ethmoid (green) bones
- sphenoid (puple) bones
Floor of the nasal cavity is formed by hard and soft pallets
59
What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?
Hard an soft pallets
60
Where are the conchae?
Lateral walls of the nasal cavity
61
What is on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Conchae
62
What are the conchae ?
Three projections
- superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)
63
What is the conchae lined by?
Respiratory epithelium (helps make it clean, warm and moist)
64
What does the conchae actually do? Function?
- swirl inspired air
- particles stick to mucosa
- swirling allows more time for warming and humidifying of air, plus olfactory detection
65
Where is nasal epithelium found?
Nasal cavity
66
What is nasal eipithelium
- mostly respiratory epithelium
- plus, specialised area of olfactory epithelium ( area on roof of nasal cavity, contains small (olfactory) receptors
67
Where is the olfactory epithlium found?
Above superior concae
68
What is the nasal mucosa ?
- epithelium sits on lamina propria
- thin-walled vascular plexus
69
What does the nasal mucosa do? - warm
- Helps warm incoming air
- when temperature drops, plexus (network) dilates = greater heat transfer
(- air is spun around in the choncae and warmed up by vascular plexus and then passed through the internal nares )
70
Where do nose bleeds normally originate from?
Damage of the nasal mucosa
71
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Posterior to the nasal cavity
72
Nasophyarynx is a ______ ______ only - it is lined with ________ _______
Nasopharynx is an air passage only - it is lines with respiratory mucosa
73
Where is the nasopharynx
- from internal nares to soft palate
74
What do the soft palate and uvula do in the nasopharynx
They block it during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
75
What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity?
The soft palate and uvula
76
Where to auditory tubes drain into and from where
Auditory tubes drain into the nasopharynx form the middle ear
77
Where are pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found?
On the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
78
Labels of nasopharynx
79
Oropharynx - what kind of epithelium and why
- air and food goes through this pathway therefore there is stratified squamous for protection against abrasion
80
Where is the pharynx located?
Posterior to oral cavity
81
Where does the pharynx span from ?
From soft palate to hyoid bone
82
What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
83
What tonsils are removed when tonsillitis
- palatine tonsils
84
What is Laryngopharnyx made of
- stratified squamous epithelium - as air and food pass though it
85
Where does the laryngopharynx spad from?
Hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus
86
Where does the laryngopharynx end?
At the level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge
87
When it comes to food and air in swallowing - which have the right of passage
Food
88
What is the overall function of the respiratory system
To deliver air that is warm, clean and moist to the site of gas exchange
89
Three key structures of URT:
Nose, nasal cavity and the pharynx
90
Where is the URT would you find stratified squamous epithelium
- nasal vestibule
- Oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
91
What are the different types of epithelia found in the URT?
Vestibule of the nose: skin
Nasal cavity: olfactory mucosa
Nasal cavity and nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells)
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium
92
What are the components of the LRT?
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
93
Functions of the LRT
- conducts air to/ from the site of gas exchange
- completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
- provides a barrier between the air and blood, and a large surface area for gas exchange
94
Larynx provides a passage for..
Air only
95
Where is the larynx located
Anterior to esophagus
96
Where does the larynx span form?
From the hyoid bone to the trachea
97
What does the cartilage do in the Larynx
- cartilages protect and maintain an open airway (patent)
98
What does the epiglottis do?
- closes over the airway when swallowing
