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HUBS192 > Lecture 14 - Gun To My Head Rn > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Gun To My Head Rn Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system and what is its function

A

Connected organs and structures that function to conduct clean, warm & moist air into close proximity with the blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange

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2
Q

To be effective, the respiratory system needs

A
  • A surface for gas exchange
    • Blood and air brought close together but separated
  • A path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition
  • Ability to draw breath in and out
  • Plus: Sound production & Olfaction (smell)
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3
Q

What is URT

A

Upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A
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5
Q

Main components of resisraotry system

A
  • urt
  • lrt
  • thoracic cavity
  • joints
  • respiratory muscles
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6
Q

Main components of the respiratory system and what they do

A
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7
Q

Air tract is lines with

A

Mucosa

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8
Q

What kinds of epithelium do you find in the resisitry system

A

All of them

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9
Q

What is epithelium attached via and to what?

A

Epithelium attached via basement membrane to lamina propria (CT)

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10
Q

Epithelium changes along length of tract to reflect…

A

… funciton

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11
Q

What kind of epithelium is found is the conduction region

A

• Respiratory epithelium

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12
Q

What kind of eipiethieal is found where air and food travel

A

• Stratified squamous

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13
Q

What kind of epithelium is found at the site of gas exchange

A

• Simple squamous

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14
Q

What kind of epeithlum is found in olfacation

A

• Olfactory mucosa

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15
Q

Most body organs are lines with

A

A musics a

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16
Q

What does the mucosa constist of? Redo this slide

A

• epithelia
• attached via a basement epithelia membrane basement
• to the lamina propria membrane s a
lamina propria
• connective tissue • may cntain glands

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17
Q

What do goblet cells produce

A

Muscus

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18
Q

What does mucus do?

A
  • trap debris, moistens air
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19
Q

What are ciliated cells

A

• Patterned movement pushes mucus towards pharynx
• Swallowed and digested by stomach acid
- Cilia moves the mucus that’s trapped the debris up the throught

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20
Q

Components of the URT

A

– Nose & Nasal cavity
– Paranasal sinuses
– Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

Functions of URT

A

Conducting passage (not only air)
- Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
Ensures air is:
- Warm
- Clean
- Moist

  • Paranasal sinuses - resonating chambers for speech -
  • Olfaction – sensory receptors
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22
Q

What is the primary passages for air

A

Nose

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23
Q

What is the primary passageway for air

A

Nose

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24
Q

What is a sinus

A

cavity within a
bone (normally air filled)

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25
Q

What is pranasal

A

surrounding
the nose

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26
Q

Where are -arana say sinuses found

A

Found within frontal,
sphenoid, ethmoid and
maxillary bones

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27
Q

What are paranasal surfaces lined by

A

Lined with respiratory
mucosa

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28
Q

Where does paranasal sinuses drain into

A

Drain into pharynx

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29
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses

A

• Lighten skull
• Increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air
• Sound resonance
• Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses

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30
Q

What is the throat called

A

Pharynx

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31
Q

What is the pharynx

A
  • Muscular funnel-shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system
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32
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx

A

• Nasopharynx (air passage ONLY)
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

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33
Q

Most body organs are lined with a..

A

… mucosa

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34
Q

What makes up the mucosa

A
  • epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria
  • the Latino propria constists of:
    • connective tissue
    • may contain glands
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35
Q

the Latino propria constists of:

A
  • connective tissue (strength)
    • may contain glands
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36
Q

What layer is found below the mucosa layer?

A

Usually a submucosal layer

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37
Q

What does the submucosal layer consist of

A
  • more connective tissue
  • depending on region, may contain many glands
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38
Q

Most of the conductory system is lined by…

A

Respiratory epithelium

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39
Q

What is respiratory epithelium made of

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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40
Q

Where is respiratory pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

Nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
(CONDUCTION ZONE)

41
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucus

42
Q

What is mucus responsible for

A

Cleaning the mucus thats coming in - ASWELL and moisturing the air

43
Q

What moves mucus along?

A

Ciliated cells (hair-like projections)
- allows all debris to be pushed towards the throat

44
Q

What does pseudo stratified mean?

A
  • fake stacked
  • appear to be stacked due to location of nucleus but majority of cells are actually attached to basement membrane
45
Q

What are basal cells?

A
  • regenerative cells - produce more columnar cells
46
Q

Why does your nose run on a cold day?

A

In cold temperature, cilia will stop beating. With nothing to help move the mucus towards the pharynx, it can ‘ dribble’ out of your nose.

47
Q

Why do we couch up mucus when we are unwell?

A

Normally produce 1-2L of mucus a day. When we’re sick, the body produces more, so we cough to help the cilia move the mucus.

48
Q

Why do smokers cough?

A

Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia. This leads to mucus accumulation and coughing try to dislodge it

49
Q

What is nose?

A

The primary passageway for air

50
Q

Components of the nose

A
  • Cartilages (anterior)
  • Nostrils
  • vestibule lined with skin
51
Q

Diagram of nose

A
52
Q

Feature and function of cartilages

A
  • soft, flexible
  • maintain patent (unobstructed/open) airway
53
Q

Feature of nostrils

A
  • external nares
  • entry point
54
Q

Features of the vestibule lined with skin

A
  • has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
  • vibissae (hairs) filter the inhaled hair
55
Q

Where is the nasal septum located

A

Midline

56
Q

Components of the septum

A
  • anterior - cartilage
  • posterior - base
57
Q

What do the internal nares open into?

A

The nasal cavity

58
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by

A
  • ethmoid (green) bones
  • sphenoid (puple) bones

Floor of the nasal cavity is formed by hard and soft pallets

59
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

Hard an soft pallets

60
Q

Where are the conchae?

A

Lateral walls of the nasal cavity

61
Q

What is on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

Conchae

62
Q

What are the conchae ?

A

Three projections
- superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)

63
Q

What is the conchae lined by?

A

Respiratory epithelium (helps make it clean, warm and moist)

64
Q

What does the conchae actually do? Function?

A
  • swirl inspired air
  • particles stick to mucosa
  • swirling allows more time for warming and humidifying of air, plus olfactory detection
65
Q

Where is nasal epithelium found?

A

Nasal cavity

66
Q

What is nasal eipithelium

A
  • mostly respiratory epithelium
  • plus, specialised area of olfactory epithelium ( area on roof of nasal cavity, contains small (olfactory) receptors
67
Q

Where is the olfactory epithlium found?

A

Above superior concae

68
Q

What is the nasal mucosa ?

A
  • epithelium sits on lamina propria
  • thin-walled vascular plexus
69
Q

What does the nasal mucosa do? - warm

A
  • Helps warm incoming air
  • when temperature drops, plexus (network) dilates = greater heat transfer

(- air is spun around in the choncae and warmed up by vascular plexus and then passed through the internal nares )

70
Q

Where do nose bleeds normally originate from?

A

Damage of the nasal mucosa

71
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity

72
Q

Nasophyarynx is a ______ ______ only - it is lined with ________ _______

A

Nasopharynx is an air passage only - it is lines with respiratory mucosa

73
Q

Where is the nasopharynx

A
  • from internal nares to soft palate
74
Q

What do the soft palate and uvula do in the nasopharynx

A

They block it during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

75
Q

What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity?

A

The soft palate and uvula

76
Q

Where to auditory tubes drain into and from where

A

Auditory tubes drain into the nasopharynx form the middle ear

77
Q

Where are pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found?

A

On the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

78
Q

Labels of nasopharynx

A
79
Q

Oropharynx - what kind of epithelium and why

A
  • air and food goes through this pathway therefore there is stratified squamous for protection against abrasion
80
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Posterior to oral cavity

81
Q

Where does the pharynx span from ?

A

From soft palate to hyoid bone

82
Q

What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx

A
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
83
Q

What tonsils are removed when tonsillitis

A
  • palatine tonsils
84
Q

What is Laryngopharnyx made of

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium - as air and food pass though it
85
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx spad from?

A

Hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus

86
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx end?

A

At the level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

87
Q

When it comes to food and air in swallowing - which have the right of passage

A

Food

88
Q

What is the overall function of the respiratory system

A

To deliver air that is warm, clean and moist to the site of gas exchange

89
Q

Three key structures of URT:

A

Nose, nasal cavity and the pharynx

90
Q

Where is the URT would you find stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • nasal vestibule
  • Oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
91
Q

What are the different types of epithelia found in the URT?

A

Vestibule of the nose: skin
Nasal cavity: olfactory mucosa
Nasal cavity and nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells)
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium

92
Q

What are the components of the LRT?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
93
Q

Functions of the LRT

A
  • conducts air to/ from the site of gas exchange
  • completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
  • provides a barrier between the air and blood, and a large surface area for gas exchange
94
Q

Larynx provides a passage for..

A

Air only

95
Q

Where is the larynx located

A

Anterior to esophagus

96
Q

Where does the larynx span form?

A

From the hyoid bone to the trachea

97
Q

What does the cartilage do in the Larynx

A
  • cartilages protect and maintain an open airway (patent)
98
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A
  • closes over the airway when swallowing

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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