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36 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the uterine wall from outer most to inner most. Which layer is shed during mestruation ?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium (shed)
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2
Q

Which artery associated with the female reproductive tract branches directly off the abdominal aorta? Which ligament does this artery run through?

A
  • avarian artery
  • runs through the suspensory ligament
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3
Q

Name the finger like projections on the infundibulum. What is their purpose?

A
  • fimbriae
  • help guide the oocyte to the opening of the unterine tube
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4
Q

Name the ligament labeled X:

A

Mesovirain

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5
Q

What is Oogenesis

A

• Formation and development of the oocyte (female gamete)
from oogonia.

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6
Q

Oogenesis requires ____ and _____

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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7
Q

What are the stem cells of female sex cells called

A

Oogonia

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8
Q

When does oogenesis happen?

A
  • initiated before birth
    You are born with a lifetime supply of gametes
  • then halts
  • continues between puberty and menopause
    • cyclic - 1 ovulation every 28 days
    • (only the dominant oocyte within the dominant follicle
      goes onto ovulation)
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9
Q

Where do oocytes develop?

A

within ovarian follicles (1 oocyte per follicle).

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Before Birth - what process happens in oogenesis

A

MITOSIS

• Oogonium (diploid, 2n=46) in gonad
• Population of oogonia increase by mitosis (stops before
birth)
• Oogonia differentiate to form primary oocytes
(diploid,2n=46)
- they are encased in primordial follicle
- many primary oocytes undergo atresia

• Primary oocytes start meiosis.
• Meiosis halts at prophase I
• Halts until puberty begins

Female born with all the primordial follicles - each of which contains an oocyte

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12
Q

From Menarche till Menopause - what process is happening in Oogenesis ?

A

MEIOSIS 1

• At puberty, females have ~300,000 oocytes (they had been undergoing atresia and reduced from 700,00)

• Under GnRH influence, small number of follicles recruited each ovarian/menstrual cycle. (This cohort grows to a point and then they’ll all start regressing except one - the dominant one)

• Only one oocyte will complete development and ovulate (within dominant follicle).

• Primary oocyte completes meiosis I. (ONLY THE DOMINANT
ONE)
• Forms a secondary oocyte and 1st polar body (both haploid, n=23).

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13
Q

From Menarche till Menopause - what process of oogenesis happens after meiosis 1

A

• Secondary oocyte starts meiosis II
• Halts at metaphase II
• Suspended until fertilisation.
• Meiosis II resumes when the sperm penetrates plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation
- if not fertilised, will degenerate (atresia) and therefore
never complete meiosis

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14
Q

Meiosis two only happens if…

A

Fertilisation takes place

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15
Q
A

Howdy

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16
Q

Oogenesis occurs within….

A

Oogenesis occurs within developing follicle

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17
Q

Oocyte develops within developing …

A

follicle

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18
Q

Is a follicle layered?

A

• Follicles are multilayered
• Granulosa cells
• Theca cells

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19
Q

What do granulosa cells produce?

A

estradiol

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20
Q

Ovulation

A

oocyte and corona radiata released into peritoneal cavity

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

• Oogenesis occurs in the ___________ and is the process of
oocyte formation from oogonia.

A

Ovary

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23
Q

The number of oogonia increases in the ovary by mitosis
before birth.

24
Q

• Primary oocytes start meiosis prior to birth but the process
halts at ___________ until puberty begins.

A

Prophase 1

25
• After puberty, small groups of follicles start to grow each ovarian cycle – only one of these follicles goes on to ovulate (the ___________ follicle).
Dominant
26
• The dominant follicle begins meiosis II, but the process halts at ___________ until fertilisation occurs.
Metaphase 2
27
• Oocyte growth and development occurs within ovarian follicles.
Yes
28
Female Reproductive Hormones
Hypothalamus: - GnRH (Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone) Anterior Pituitary: - FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - LH (Luteinizing Hormone) Ovary (follicles): Estradiol (an estrogen), Inhibin Ovary (corpus luteum): Inhibin, Progesterone
29
Function of GnRH
GnRH (hypothalamus): Release of FSH and LH.
30
Function of FSH
FSH (anterior pituitary): Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles.
31
Function of LH
LH (anterior pituitary): Surge of LH involved in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum.
32
Fucngtion of Estradiol
Estradiol (developing follicles): Assists follicle growth (with FSH); bone and muscle growth; endometrial growth; secondary sex characteristics; feedback to anterior pituitary.
33
Function of inhibin
Inhibin (granulosa cells): Negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH.
34
Function of Progesterone
Progesterone (corpus luteum): Negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH (therefore LH and FSH); endometrial maturation; maintains pregnant state. - helps thicken civical mucus to prevent the movement of spermatazoa
35
What are the Ovarian/Menstrual Cycles
The regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte/ova for fertilisation and the endometrium for embryo implantation.
36
• Menstrual cycles occur on an approximately _____ basis (average 28 days) between _______ and ______.
• Menstrual cycles occur on an approximately monthly basis (average 28 days) between menarche and menopause.
37
What is menarche
first menstrual period
38
When does menarche occur?
• Occurs at age 12-13 y on average • Part of puberty – orchestrated by increase in sex steroid production (estrogens) by the gonads
39
What is menopause ?
cessation of menstruation
40
When does menopause occur?
• Typically occurs in early 50s
41
What happens when menopause
• Reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absence of or lack of response by follicles • Anterior pituitary feedback no longer active ∴ FSH/LH high
42
Why does menopause happen
No follicles
43
Female Reproductive Cycle - Ovarian - what are the two phases called and how long do they last?
• Follicular (preovulatory phase): Day 1 - 14 • Luteal (postovulatory phase): Day 15 - 28
44
Follicular (preovulatory) phase: Day 1 - 14.
• Increased FSH from the anterior pituitary • Stimulates follicular growth • Growing follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin • Reduces FSH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) • Growing follicles undergo atresia (as they are dependent on FSH for servival), except dominant follicle. • Dominant follicle secretes large amounts of estradiol • High estradiol stimulates surge of LH (positive feedback) - (the surge in LH is what causes ovulation to take place) • Follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs • Oocyte enters peritoneal space/collected into uterine tube.
45
Luteal (postovulatory phase): day 15 - 28
• Ovulated follicle collapses & forms corpus luteum • Secretes progesterone, estradiol & inhibin. • These decrease FSH & LH secretion. • Negative feedback on hypothalamus. • If fertilisation and implantation do not occur, the corpus luteum involutes (luteolysis). • Fall in progesterone & estradiol. • Removes negative feedback on FSH and LH…. Cycle starts again…
46
Learn this yay
47
Menstrual (Endometrial) Cycle - two phases and when they happen
- Menstrual and Proliferative: Day 1 - 14. - Secretory (and premenstrual phase): Day 15 - 28.
48
Menstrual and Proliferative Phase
• Days 1 – 14 • Endometrium breaks down and bleeds during menstruation (in response to the reduction on progesterone) • Estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from approx days 6-14 • Rapid tissue growth, including growth of glands and vasculature (in response to estradiol)
49
Secretory Phase
• Days 15 – 28 • After ovulation (day 14) - corpus luteum secrets progesterone. • Progesterone promotes endometrial maturation • Glands become secretory • Spiral arterioles grow and coil - prepares for fert • Corpus luteum atrophies • Progesterone levels fall • Spiral arteries contract • Endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs • Shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina (menstruation / menses)
50
Secretory Phase and back to…… If fertilisation and implantation do not occur:
• Corpus luteum atrophies • Progesterone levels fall • Spiral arteries contract • Endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs • Shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina (menstruation / menses)
51
52
• Ovarian/menstrual cycles occur between ___________ and menopause
Menachy
53
• A cohort of follicles begin to grow in response to signals from the ___________ and pituitary – all but one of these follicles will undergo atresia.
Hypothalamus
54
• Secretion of large amounts of estradiol by the ___________ follicle will cause the ___________ and subsequently ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.
Dominant LH surge
55
• The endometrium undergoes cyclic periods of growth, maturation and breakdown in response to cyclic patterns in ___________ and ___________.
Estradiol Progesterone
56

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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