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HUBS192 > 36 > Flashcards

36 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the uterine wall from outer most to inner most. Which layer is shed during mestruation ?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium (shed)
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2
Q

Which artery associated with the female reproductive tract branches directly off the abdominal aorta? Which ligament does this artery run through?

A
  • avarian artery
  • runs through the suspensory ligament
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3
Q

Name the finger like projections on the infundibulum. What is their purpose?

A
  • fimbriae
  • help guide the oocyte to the opening of the unterine tube
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4
Q

Name the ligament labeled X:

A

Mesovirain

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5
Q

What is Oogenesis

A

• Formation and development of the oocyte (female gamete)
from oogonia.

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6
Q

Oogenesis requires ____ and _____

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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7
Q

What are the stem cells of female sex cells called

A

Oogonia

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8
Q

When does oogenesis happen?

A
  • initiated before birth
    You are born with a lifetime supply of gametes
  • then halts
  • continues between puberty and menopause
    • cyclic - 1 ovulation every 28 days
    • (only the dominant oocyte within the dominant follicle
      goes onto ovulation)
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9
Q

Where do oocytes develop?

A

within ovarian follicles (1 oocyte per follicle).

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Before Birth - what process happens in oogenesis

A

MITOSIS

• Oogonium (diploid, 2n=46) in gonad
• Population of oogonia increase by mitosis (stops before
birth)
• Oogonia differentiate to form primary oocytes
(diploid,2n=46)
- they are encased in primordial follicle
- many primary oocytes undergo atresia

• Primary oocytes start meiosis.
• Meiosis halts at prophase I
• Halts until puberty begins

Female born with all the primordial follicles - each of which contains an oocyte

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12
Q

From Menarche till Menopause - what process is happening in Oogenesis ?

A

MEIOSIS 1

• At puberty, females have ~300,000 oocytes (they had been undergoing atresia and reduced from 700,00)

• Under GnRH influence, small number of follicles recruited each ovarian/menstrual cycle. (This cohort grows to a point and then they’ll all start regressing except one - the dominant one)

• Only one oocyte will complete development and ovulate (within dominant follicle).

• Primary oocyte completes meiosis I. (ONLY THE DOMINANT
ONE)
• Forms a secondary oocyte and 1st polar body (both haploid, n=23).

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13
Q

From Menarche till Menopause - what process of oogenesis happens after meiosis 1

A

• Secondary oocyte starts meiosis II
• Halts at metaphase II
• Suspended until fertilisation.
• Meiosis II resumes when the sperm penetrates plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation
- if not fertilised, will degenerate (atresia) and therefore
never complete meiosis

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14
Q

Meiosis two only happens if…

A

Fertilisation takes place

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15
Q
A

Howdy

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16
Q

Oogenesis occurs within….

A

Oogenesis occurs within developing follicle

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17
Q

Oocyte develops within developing …

A

follicle

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18
Q

Is a follicle layered?

A

• Follicles are multilayered
• Granulosa cells
• Theca cells

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19
Q

What do granulosa cells produce?

A

estradiol

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20
Q

Ovulation

A

oocyte and corona radiata released into peritoneal cavity

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

• Oogenesis occurs in the ___________ and is the process of
oocyte formation from oogonia.

A

Ovary

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23
Q

The number of oogonia increases in the ovary by mitosis
before birth.

A

Yes

24
Q

• Primary oocytes start meiosis prior to birth but the process
halts at ___________ until puberty begins.

A

Prophase 1

25
Q

• After puberty, small groups of follicles start to grow each
ovarian cycle – only one of these follicles goes on to ovulate
(the ___________ follicle).

A

Dominant

26
Q

• The dominant follicle begins meiosis II, but the process halts
at ___________ until fertilisation occurs.

A

Metaphase 2

27
Q

• Oocyte growth and development occurs within ovarian
follicles.

A

Yes

28
Q

Female Reproductive Hormones

A

Hypothalamus:
- GnRH (Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone)

Anterior Pituitary:
- FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
- LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Ovary (follicles): Estradiol (an estrogen), Inhibin

Ovary (corpus luteum): Inhibin, Progesterone

29
Q

Function of GnRH

A

GnRH (hypothalamus): Release of FSH and LH.

30
Q

Function of FSH

A

FSH (anterior pituitary): Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles.

31
Q

Function of LH

A

LH (anterior pituitary): Surge of LH involved in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum.

32
Q

Fucngtion of Estradiol

A

Estradiol (developing follicles): Assists follicle growth (with FSH); bone and muscle growth; endometrial growth; secondary sex characteristics; feedback to anterior pituitary.

33
Q

Function of inhibin

A

Inhibin (granulosa cells): Negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH.

34
Q

Function of Progesterone

A

Progesterone (corpus luteum): Negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH (therefore LH and FSH); endometrial maturation; maintains pregnant state.

  • helps thicken civical mucus to prevent the movement of spermatazoa
35
Q

What are the Ovarian/Menstrual Cycles

A

The regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte/ova for fertilisation and the endometrium for embryo implantation.

36
Q

• Menstrual cycles occur on an approximately _____ basis
(average 28 days) between _______ and ______.

A

• Menstrual cycles occur on an approximately monthly basis
(average 28 days) between menarche and menopause.

37
Q

What is menarche

A

first menstrual period

38
Q

When does menarche occur?

A

• Occurs at age 12-13 y on average
• Part of puberty – orchestrated by increase in sex steroid
production (estrogens) by the gonads

39
Q

What is menopause ?

A

cessation of menstruation

40
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

• Typically occurs in early 50s

41
Q

What happens when menopause

A

• Reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absence of
or lack of response by follicles
• Anterior pituitary feedback no longer active ∴ FSH/LH high

42
Q

Why does menopause happen

A

No follicles

43
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle - Ovarian - what are the two phases called and how long do they last?

A

• Follicular (preovulatory phase): Day 1 - 14
• Luteal (postovulatory phase): Day 15 - 28

44
Q

Follicular (preovulatory) phase: Day 1 - 14.

A

• Increased FSH from the anterior pituitary
• Stimulates follicular growth
• Growing follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin
• Reduces FSH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback)
• Growing follicles undergo atresia (as they are dependent
on FSH for servival), except dominant follicle.
• Dominant follicle secretes large amounts of estradiol
• High estradiol stimulates surge of LH (positive feedback) -
(the surge in LH is what causes ovulation to take place)
• Follicle ruptures and ovulation occurs
• Oocyte enters peritoneal space/collected into uterine
tube.

45
Q

Luteal (postovulatory phase): day 15 - 28

A

• Ovulated follicle collapses & forms corpus luteum
• Secretes progesterone, estradiol & inhibin.
• These decrease FSH & LH secretion.
• Negative feedback on hypothalamus.
• If fertilisation and implantation do not occur, the corpus luteum involutes (luteolysis).
• Fall in progesterone & estradiol.
• Removes negative feedback on FSH and LH…. Cycle starts
again…

46
Q
A

Learn this yay

47
Q

Menstrual (Endometrial) Cycle
- two phases and when they happen

A
  • Menstrual and Proliferative: Day 1 - 14.
  • Secretory (and premenstrual phase): Day 15 - 28.
48
Q

Menstrual and Proliferative Phase

A

• Days 1 – 14
• Endometrium breaks down and bleeds during
menstruation (in response to the reduction on
progesterone)
• Estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from approx days
6-14
• Rapid tissue growth, including growth of glands and
vasculature (in response to estradiol)

49
Q

Secretory Phase

A

• Days 15 – 28
• After ovulation (day 14) - corpus luteum secrets progesterone.
• Progesterone promotes endometrial maturation
• Glands become secretory
• Spiral arterioles grow and coil
- prepares for fert

• Corpus luteum atrophies
• Progesterone levels fall
• Spiral arteries contract
• Endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs
• Shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina (menstruation / menses)

50
Q

Secretory Phase and back to…… If fertilisation and implantation do not occur:

A

• Corpus luteum atrophies
• Progesterone levels fall
• Spiral arteries contract
• Endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs
• Shed tissue and blood removed via cervix and vagina (menstruation / menses)

51
Q
A
52
Q

• Ovarian/menstrual cycles occur between ___________ and
menopause

A

Menachy

53
Q

• A cohort of follicles begin to grow in response to signals from the ___________ and pituitary – all but one of these follicles will undergo atresia.

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

• Secretion of large amounts of estradiol by the ___________
follicle will cause the ___________ and subsequently ovulation
and formation of the corpus luteum.

A

Dominant
LH surge

55
Q

• The endometrium undergoes cyclic periods of growth,
maturation and breakdown in response to cyclic patterns in
___________ and ___________.

A

Estradiol
Progesterone

56
Q
A

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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