Lecture 4 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system is made up of…

A
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2
Q

Why are epithelia important in cardiovascular system

A

Prevent clotting

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3
Q

Two main types of muscle in cardiovascular system

A

Smooth and cardiac

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4
Q

What is the blood vascular supply

A
  • a closed supply and drainage system (continuous loop)
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5
Q

What is the lymphatic vascular system

A

An open-entry drainage system (stops tissues from swelling up from excess fluid) - a one way system

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6
Q

Two vascular systems that make up the cardiovascular system

A
  • blood vascular system
  • lymphatic (vascular) system
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7
Q

Blood vascular system

A
  • oxygenated blood from left of heart to exchange at rest of body = systematic circulation
  • deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs exchange = pulmonary circulation
  • TWO CIRCUTS IN SERIES
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8
Q

Blood AND lymph vascular systems

A
  • sometimes fluid leaves blood vascular space during exchange and accumulates between capillaries
  • collected by lymphatics that drain back by a superheterodyne pathway then reunite with drains near right side of heart
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9
Q

General principles of organisation of the cardiovascular system

A
  • exchange network
  • drainage
  • supply
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10
Q

Supply side of the cardiovascular system is comprised of - 4 features of them

A
  • arteries - the only supply path
  • major arterties are situated to avoid damage - e.g: deep in trunk; on flexor aspect of limbs (supply is being driven by puplsitile pump, heart, squeezes on blood and chambers of Herat - blood in arteries is pressurised and travelling at high velocity
  • important structures often receive supply from two sources (two separate arteries) e.g hand =2, head =4
  • arteries change their name when they branch
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11
Q

When to satieties change their name

A

When they branch

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12
Q

Exchange network of cardiovascular system is comprised of

A
  • capillaries of varying degreee of permeability
  • continuous (controlled ~ tight)
  • fenestrated (leaky)
  • sinusoidal (very leaky)
  • leakyness depends on how the exchange vessel wants to manage its supply??
  • more leaky = will change epithelial lining of the capillary
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13
Q

Drainage of the cardiovascular system

A

3 pathways for drainage
- deep veins (next to deep artery)
- superficial veins (blood under low pressure - unlike larger artery - means we can accomodate in vulnerable sites)
- lymphatics - catch fluid

Cross sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries (to shift same volume of blood/second)

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14
Q

CSA of veins vs arteries

A
  • cross-sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries ( to shift the same volume of blood over second)
  • after going through capillary pressure and velocity is lost
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15
Q

Shape of the heart

A

Blunt, cone shapes

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16
Q

Pointed end of heart (but the diaphragm is called)

A

Apex

17
Q

Broad end - superior is called

A

Base

18
Q

How chest sits in thorax

A
  • flanked laterly by the two plural cavities
  • heart sits in a part of the mediastinum
  • base sits between 2 and 3rd rib
  • find the apex - along the midclavicular line then between 5 and 6 rib
19
Q

Location of base

A
  • between 2nd and 3rd rib
20
Q

Location of the apex

A
  • along the midclavicular line
  • between 5th and 6th rib
    This is called the PMI ( POINT OF MAXIMAL INTENSITY)
21
Q

How to find the point of maximal impulse

A
  • along midclavicular line
  • between 5th and 6th rib
22
Q

Postposition of heart and why

A

2/3 of heart sit to the left of the midline
- so that it doesn’t push down on diaphragm when beating

23
Q
A
24
Q

4 ventricles of the heart

A
  • right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit which then drains into ventricle that then pushes out blood to lungs for reoxygenation
  • left atrium receives blood from lungs then left ventricle pushes oxygenated blood around body

Right drives pulmonary circuit
Left drives systemic circuit

25
Q
A
26
Q

Right atrium receives blood from the

A
  • superior and inferior vena cava
    (Largest veins)
  • superior brings back all the blood from above heart and inferior brings back all blood from below diaphragm
27
Q

Coronary sinus

A
  • vein that brings back blood that was supplying heart muscle
28
Q
A
29
Q

Blood is bought back from the lungs oxygenated via the…

A
  • left and right pulmonary veins
  • blood is low pressure, low velocity
  • and it comes back to the left side of the heart via veins
  • they are carrying Oxygenated blood but are not arteries
  • both drain into Artium then verntircle then pumped through aorta to systemic circulation
30
Q

Venous return of atria of the heart

A
  • thin walled receiving chambers (not much muscle - not doing much work)
  • right atrium receives blood from:
    • superior vena cava - (head, neck, upper limbs chest,
    • inferior vena cava- (below the diaphragm )
    • coronary sinus
      (All deoxygenated from the periphery )
  • left atrium receives blood from:
    • four pulmonary veins
      (Oxygenated from lungs
31
Q

Layers of the heart wall (regardless where ventricle or atrium)

A
  • Endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium

Heart then sits in a bag of epithelia and connective tissue called pericardium
- pericardial sac provdies it with a lubricated semi oily sac to prevent abrasion
- protects from abrasion and injury

32
Q

Ventricular heart wall

A
33
Q

Tissue structure of the heart

A

Endocardium seperates blood in chamber form the wall itself
Light microscopy

34
Q

Heart chamber - enocardiam - FEATUTERS
(Electron microscpay)

A
  • lined by a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) to create a barrier - all structures in cardiovascular system are lined by this - these cells stopclotting
  • loose irregular FCT
  • small blood vessel
  • purkinje fibres - not nervous tissue but act like it
35
Q

Thickness Varys of heart from left to right

A

Right = 0.5
Left =1.5

Different of thickness is due to myocardian (muscle)
- right only pumps to plurycavitys
- left all over - needs more muscle

36
Q

Up close on epicardium - FEATURES

A
  • pericardial space - sac that hearts sits in
    Epicardium contains
  • visceral pericardium - part of epicardium also part or pericardium
  • blood vessels (large)
  • loose irregular FCT, adipose

Image 2 with thick wall is artery - high pressure - thin is vein

37
Q

Pericardium

A
  • outer supportive sac that heart sits in
  • heart forms then seperate membrane wraps around - serous membrane
  • where membrane touches heart - visceral layer - outer layer is parietal pericardium
38
Q

Layers

A
39
Q

Vein shape

A

Irregular, flattened shapes with large lumen and thin wall
- has spare capacity- can take up extra volume