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HUBS192 > 35 > Flashcards

35 Flashcards

1
Q

What prevents sperm ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?

A

Internal urethra

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2
Q

There are three regions of the epididymis. What are they known as?

A

Head body tail

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3
Q

What hormone do interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells produce?
1. Inhibin
2. Testosterone
3. Both inhibin and testosterone.
4. Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells do not produce hormones

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

Where would you find a spermatogonia?

A

Semiferus tubule - found adjacent to the basement membrane

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5
Q

The scrotum contains….

A
  • two testes (lined with thin facia)
  • two epididymis
  • two spermatic cords (with part of ductus deferens)
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6
Q

Why Dey on the outside?

A

To prevent them from over heating

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7
Q

Where does the scripture house the testers ? Why?

A

Away from the body to maintain temp at ~34 decrees

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8
Q

Why does the scrotum house testes away from the body

A

To maintain temp at around 34 degrees celcieus

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9
Q

Srutem is lined by the _____ muscle

A

Dartos

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10
Q

What dies the dartos muscle do? I DONT UNDERSTADN?

A

Pulls muscle tight to decrease the surface area and wrinkle the skin to keep warm when cold

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11
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Contracts for heat conservation - pulls closer to body

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12
Q

How many spermatic cords?

A

2 - One in each teste

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13
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A

• ductus deferens
• blood vessels - testicular arteries and veins
• nerves
• lymphatics

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Venous plexus or pampiniform plexus
Allows for …

A

Counter exchange of heat between arteries and veins

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16
Q

Dual function of the penis

A
  • urination
  • copulation
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17
Q

The penis is a _____ shaped organ and contains:

A

• Root (bulb)
• Body
• Glans covered by
prepuce/foreskin

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

The 3 cylindrical erectile tissues

A

Two corpora cavernosa (corpus cavernosum)
• Main erectile tissue
• Dorsal aspect

One corpus spongiosum
• Contains urethra
• Forms bulb and glans
• Ventral aspect

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20
Q
A
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21
Q
A

Corpus spongiosum is also erectile but not to the same extent, cos you dont want them to be blocked as they are the channel of the sperm

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22
Q

The _______ houses the testes ________ the body to maintain
temperature at ___________ °C.

A

The scotrum houses the testes outside the body to maintain
temperature at 34 °C.

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23
Q

The dartos and cremaster muscles are involved in
___________ regulation.

A

Temperature

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24
Q

What does the spermatic cords contain?

A
  • ductus deferens and the testicular artery, Venus plexus and the lymphatic vessels and nerves that supple the testes
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25
Q

• The penis contains erectile tissues known as the corpora
___________ and the corpus ___________.

A

Corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongenosum

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26
Q

Accessory glands

A
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27
Q

What are spermatozoa carried to the female reporoductive tract in?

A

Seminal fluid

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28
Q

What is spermatazoa mixed with seminal fluid called?

A

semen

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29
Q

Seminal fluid is mostly produced by three types of accessory glands - what are these glands called?

A

• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral glands

30
Q

What is seminal fluid needed for?

A
  • sperm activated by seminal fluid
  • transport
  • protection from acidic vagina
31
Q

How many seminal vesicles are there?

A

Two

32
Q

Where are the two seminal vesicles located?

A
  • posterior to the bladder
  • lateral to the ampulla
33
Q
A
34
Q

Seminal vesicles produce ____ secretion

A

Viscous

35
Q

What percent of semen is made up from seminal vesicles secretion

A

60%

36
Q

How does the viscous seminal vesicle secretion protect sperm?

A

• Alkaline pH protects sperm against acidic environment in urethra and vagina

37
Q
A
38
Q

Location of the prostate gland

A
  • inferior to bladder
  • wraps around prostatic urethra
39
Q

What percent of semen is made up of prostate gland secretions

A

30%

40
Q

Characteristic of prostrate gland secretions

A

• Slightly acidic, milky fluid
• Contains PSA: prostate-specific antigen
• Contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility

41
Q

How many bulbourathral glands and where are they located

A

Two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm

42
Q

Where do the bulbourethral glands open into?

A

Open into spongy/penile urethra

43
Q

What percent of semen does the bulbourethral glands conrobute to semen volume

A

5%

44
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secretions do?

A

• Secretions lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation

45
Q

Components of semen

A

• ~60% from seminal vesicles
• ~30% from prostate
• ~5% from bulbourethral glands
- last 5% is spermatazoa

46
Q

What is a vasectomy? What gets cut?

A

• Surgical method of sterilisation in males
• Cut the ductus deferens (cut ends tied or cauterised)

  • volume of semen will decrease but doesn’t change the seminal fluid volume
47
Q

Gametogenesis - what is it?

A

• Formation of the gametes (sex cells)

48
Q

Gametogenesis in males

A

• Spermatogenesis

49
Q

Gametogenesis in females

A

• Oogenesis

50
Q

Gametogenesis is under ____ control

A

Hormonal

51
Q

How does Gametogenesis occur?

A

via mitosis and meiosis
• Cells need to be haploid (23 chromosomes)

52
Q

A very brief overview of Meiosis

A

• Original cell has 46 chromosomes (diploid/2n)
• Two cycles of cell division to produce gametes (23 chromosomes = haploid/n)

Meiosis 1:
–2 haploid cells produced from 1 original diploid cell

Meiosis 2:
- each cell produced from meiosis 1 devides to produce two haploid cells with 23 chromosome cells

53
Q
A
54
Q

What is Spermatogenesis

A

• Formation of the male gamete
• The process by which spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa (sperm)

55
Q

When does Spermatogenesis occur?

A

• Occurs continuously from puberty onwards

56
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis occur?

A

• Occurs in the seminiferous tubules

57
Q

Process of Spermatogenesis

A

• Spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 daughter cells (diploid - 46 chromosomes)
• One spermatogonium (type A) stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule
• The second spermatogonia (type B) differentiates into a
primary spermatocyte (diploid), which undergoes meiosis I
• Forms 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid - 23 chromosomes)
• These undergo meiosis II to form spermatids (haploid)
• Spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail via spermiogenesis
• Spermatozoa released into lumen

58
Q

Spermatid → Spermatozoon

A
  • on top of the nucleaus you get the formation of an acrosome
  • bag of enzymes
  • important for fertilisation
  • you get formation of the flagellum, head and tail
  • lots of mitochondria form then sit around the mid piece
  • gets rid of cytoplasm and tissue they dont need
  • can’t swim

YAP

59
Q

Reproductive Hormones - FEMALE AND MALE

A

GnRH stimulates the release of two gonadotropin hormones

60
Q

Hormones in males

A
61
Q

Where is Inhibin from

A

• from nurse (Sertoli) cells

62
Q

Gonadotropin =

A

Gonadotropin = hormone that acts on the gonads

63
Q

Testosterone is produced by?

A

Interstitial endocrine cells

64
Q

Testosterone is a type of_____

A

Androgen

65
Q

What are androgens

A
  • group of steroid hormones
66
Q

What is the androgen group responsible for?

A

Male characteristics (maturation of sex organs, spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, libido)

  • synthetic androgens (steroids) have therapeutic purposes
67
Q

Negative feed back loop - male - yappage edition

A
  • production of GnRH in the hypothalamus
  • this is then transported to the anterior pituitary
  • this results in the production of LH and FSH (two ganototrpins)
  • LH acts on interstitial endocrine cells and stimulates the production of testosterone
  • FSH acts on the nurse cells and stimulates inhibin production
  • inhibit and testosterone both act to regulate spermatogeneiis
  • inhibin and testosterone as well as acting locally, they enter the systemic blood stream and are important for negative feedback
  • inhibin provides negative feedback up to the anterior pituitary gland
  • testosterone provides negative feed back up to the hypothalamus AND the putitartey gland
  • slow down and speed up regulation not stop and start
68
Q

Male Negative feedback loop

A

• LH stimulates production of testosterone (interstitial endocrine [Leydig] cells)
• FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis & FSH
• FSH stimulates Inhibin production (nurse [Sertoli] cells)
Negative feedback:
• Inhibin suppresses FSH
• Testosterone suppresses LH & GnRH

69
Q

Spermatogenesis is the formation of ___________ from
spermatogonia.

A

Sperm

70
Q

Spermatogenesis Requires both mitosis and ___________.

A

Meiosis

71
Q

Spermiogenesis is the maturaton of ___________ into
spermatozoa (head, midpiece, tail).

A

Spermatogonia

72
Q

Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback loop
with hormones produced by the hypothalamus and anterior
___________, and the interstitial endocrine and ___________
cells in the testes.

A

Idk

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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