36 Flashcards
• How many sperm are produced from one primary
spermatocyte?
1 primary spermatocye —-> 4 spermatozoa
Which accessory glands contribute the most to seminal
fluid in terms of volume?
Seminal vesicles (60%)
What is the specific name of the process by which
spermatids become spermatozoa?
Spermiogenises
Male feed back loop - exam
Hypothalamus releases GnRH which gets transported down to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates the release of LH and FSH
LH acts on the interstitial endocrine cells, stimulating the production of testosterone
FSH and testosterone control (stimulate) spermatogenesis
SFH stimulates inhibin production from nurse cells
Negative feed back:
- inhibin suppress FSH
- testosterone suppress LH and GnRH
Function of Female reproductive system
• To produce oocytes (female gamete)
• Transport ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate
site for fertilization
• Provides a site for the developing embryo and fetus
to grow – protection, nourishment
• Delivery of fetus
Female Perineum, where is it?
Region inferior to the
pelvic floor and
between upper region
of the thighs
Female Urogenital triangle:
External genitalia =
vulva.
• Anal triangle:
Anus
Where is Mons pubis
Layer of fat in front of the pubic
symphysis
What are the labia? What are the different types?
2 lip-like structures:
- major: larger and more lateral
- minor: smaller and more medial
What is the space between the labia called? What is it associated with?
space between (associated
with vagina) is the vestibule
{note: labia: plural; labium: singular}
What does the valve (external genitalia) consists of
- mons pubis
- major and minor labia
- vestibule
- vestibular glands
- clitoris
Where where are the vestibular glands located?
- deep to the labia
What do the vestibular glands do?
Lubricate the vaginal orifice
- there are lesser and greater ones
- lesser ones open into vestibule to keep it moist
- greater vestibular glands secrete during arousal for lubrication
Where does the labia minora spread around?
The vagina and urethral openings
What is the clitoris
A complex erectile organ
Components of the cltioris
- glands (only part that can be seen extranally)
- body
- Crura X2
- bulbs
What is Developmentally
homologous to the penis
Clitoris
Urethra in females
The urethra does not pass
through the clitoris
Urethra has separate
opening
The perineum is divided into two regions known as
the ___________ and ___________ triangles.
Eurogenital and anal triangle
The ___________ triangle contains the female
external genitalia, which is collectively known as the
___________.
Urogenital
Vulva
• The vulva incorporates the mons pubis, labia
majora and ___________, vestibule, ___________
glands and the clitoris.
Labia minora
Vestibular glands (greater and lesser)
Structures of The Female Reproductive Tract
Structures:
- ovary
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- cervix
- vagina
What are the ovaries the site of?
Site of ogenisis - is the site where the ocytes (gametes) are produced )
A bunch of yeappage
- female gonad - ovary - responsible for production of female gametes - ocytes
- when an ocyte is realised in ovulation it is taken into the duct called the uterine tube
- uterine tube has different regions, laterally you have the infundibulum (has finger like projections on the end known as fibrie that help facility the movement of oacyte after ovulation and into the underline tube)
- reach a more dilated region called the ampulla of the uterine tube
- isthmus opens into the entrance of uterus
- uterus made of two regions - body and fundus (dome end, important muscles for birth to help push out foetus)
- different regions make up the uterus - perimetrium, myometrium, lined by endometrium
- implantation occurs in the endometrium - where plangenta develops
- end of uterus is Called the Fornix
- cervix important for pregnancy - keeps baby inside. - Produced cervical mucus - protects from infection and facilitate movement of spermatizoa
-mucus changes through ovarian mentration - watery during ovulation
- when progesterone levels go up mucus becomes thicker and prevents movement of sperm into upper regions of the tract
Where does fert take place
Ampulla
Three regions of the uterine tube
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
• Most lateral portion of the uterine tube
infundibulum
Features of the infundibulum
Most lateral portion of the uterine tube
• funnel shaped with finger like projections called fimbriae
Mid-portion: of the uterine tube
Mid-portion: ampulla
ampulla features
- mid probation of the uterine tube
- dilated area where fertilisation occurs (normally)
Most medial portion of the uterine tube
isthmus
isthmus features
- most medial portion of the uterine tube
- means ‘narrow passage’
The uterus sits between the
Sigmoid colon and the bladder
Perimetrium -
- outer layer (connective tissue)
(Covers bout 2/3rds of the uterus)
Myometrium
middle layer (smooth muscle)
Endometrium
- inner layer (columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries)
- Layer that grows and sheds during menstrual cycle
(~metrium means “of the womb”)
Is is the ______ layer lost in mentration not the _____ layer
Functional
Basal
Endothelium is highly glandular
Cervix - what does the cervical Canal provide ?
Cervical canal provides passage between uterine cavity and vagina
- external os
- cervical canal
- internal os
What does the cervix do?
- produced carvical mucus (prevents infections)
- regulates sperm transport (in presence of progesterone mucus may be thick, preventing movement, or watery facilitating movement during ovulation)
(Keeps baby in)
What os the vagina
Fibromuscular, distensible female copulatory organ
(Elastic) (rugae help for stretching in birth and sex)
Vigana also functions as part of the
Birth canal
Where does the vagina lie between
the urinary bladder & rectum
Where does the vagina extend from
Extends from the perineum to the cervix
Blood supply of the female reproductive system
Blood supply: direct branches off the abdominal aorta and
internal iliac arteries (often anastomose/connect)
Ovarian blood supply
Ovarian arteries
Uterus arteries
uterine artery (note the spiral arteries)
Vagaina blood supply
Vaginal artery
How does the uterine blood supply split
The spiral arteries feed the ____ layer
Functional
Why the spiral arteries are important
- ateries that are modified by trophoblast cells in the formation of the placenta
- vessels that supply majority of blood loos due to mentration
The uterine tubes are made up of three regions:
infundibulum, ___________ and isthmus.
Ampulla
• Fertilisation normally occurs in the ___________ .
Ampulla
There are three layers in the uterus: perimetrium,
myometrium and ___________ .
Endometrium
• The uterus consists of the body (with ___________ )
and the cervix.
Fundus
The ___________ is a fibromuscular copulatory organ
that also functions as part of the birth canal.
Vagaina
Ovary are ______ structures
Bilateral
Where are the ovaries located in relation to the uterus
Lateral and posterior
Ovaries are the _____ portion of the pelvic cavity
Lateral
Outer cortex and inner cortex of the aviary
Outer cortex (follicles) and
inner medulla (connective
tissue, blood/lymphatic vessels,
nerves)
Where do ocytes develop?
Within follicles
Ovaries are the site of…
Site of oogenesis and hormone production (e.g. oestradiol)
Where are the ocytes found
Cortex of the ovary
As a folllicle develops …
It goes through different stages
- primordial
- primary
- sedcoondary
- tertiary (mature
Then becomes corpus luteum then corpus albicans
Corpus luteum
- what is it
- an important endocrine organ
- produced progesterone
- if no preganancy it will progress and disappear
Follicles dont move they stay in one place throughout development
Yep
Primary ovarian are..
- hormone producting
- source of estradile
Ovarian ligament
- paired structure from lateral surface of uterus to medial surface of the ovary
Suspensory ligaments
- from ovary, touch into the uterine tube and carry to abdominal wall
- carry the main blood supply to the ovary
Round ligament
- start at anterior side of uterus and go around and out via langinual canal down to labia Madora - YAP
Broad ligament
Peritoneum folds and presses over structures to create other ligaments
• Mesometrium (“of the womb/mother”)
• Mesosalpinx (“of the tube”)
• Mesovarium (“of the ovary”)
Peritoneum wraps over only some of the uterus
Two pouches from the peritonueam in the female reproductive system
Function of breasts
to nourish infants.
Where are breasts
Lie on pectoralis major
muscles.
What stimulates development of
breast tissue
Estradiol and progesterone
Boobs are made up of__ supported by___
Yappage
Adipose tissue and glands
Suspensory Ligaments
Structure of the Breast (Mammary Gland)
• Lobes —> lobules —> alveoli —> lactiferous ducts —> lactiferous sinuses that open at nipple pores. (Produce milk)
• Suspensory ligaments support the glands.
• The ___________ is the female gonad and is the
source of female gametes (oocytes) and hormones.
Ovaries
• Oocytes are found within follicles, which are found in
the ___________ of the ovary.
Cortex
Female reproductive structures are held in place by a
complicated network of ligaments that:
• Anchor and support
• Have vasculature and nerves running through them
• Form important anatomical boundaries (i.e. pouches)
