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HUBS192 > 21 > Flashcards

21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

A serous membrane

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2
Q

What does the partial layer line?

A

The body wall

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3
Q

What does the visceral layer line

A

The organs

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4
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral layer

A

Fluid filled spaces

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5
Q

Where is the retroperitoneal ?

A
  • posterior to the peritonitium
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

What is a Mesentery

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organ to body wall

(Holding it in place)

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8
Q

Omenta

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ (one organ will always be the stomach)

Lesser omentum: connects liver to stomach
Greater omentum: connects stomach to the transverse colon (folds over small intestine like an ape Ron

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9
Q

The stomach is a _-shaped organ

A

J-shaped

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10
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

At the base of the esophagus

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11
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through

A

The diaphragm
- esophageal hiatus

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12
Q

What is the esophagus passing throug diaphragm called

A

Esophageal hiatus

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13
Q

What prevents reflux

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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14
Q

What does the Lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevents reflux

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15
Q

4 main parts of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • Phylorus (pyloric antrum)
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16
Q

Mucosa is modified for

A

Secretion

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17
Q

What allows for expansion ?

A

Temporary folds (rugae)

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18
Q

What does the extra muscular is layer (oblique) allow for?

A

Motility

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19
Q

What controls the passage into the duodenum

A

Phyloric sphincter

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20
Q

Omentum

A

a double
layer of peritoneum
that connects one
organ to another

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21
Q

Lesser omentum:

A

Stomach to liver

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22
Q

• Greater omentum:

A

Stomach to
transverse colon

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23
Q
A
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

The muscularis is modified for

A

Motility

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26
Q

3 layers of the muscularis

A

3 Layers:
• Oblique (inner)
• Circular (middle)
• Longitudinal (outer)

27
Q
A
28
Q

Modifications to the sub mucosa - RUGAE - what are they and what are they important for?

A
  • rugae are temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach (1.5L)
  • core of submucosa
  • important for storage
29
Q
A
30
Q

Modification to mucosa in stomach - what kind of epithelium? Glands?

A

• Simple columnar epithelium
• In-folding increases surface area for secretion – gastric glands
• Glands do not flatten

31
Q

The stomach needs: ….. for digestion? For protection? For hormones?

A

• Acid and enzymes for digestion
• Mucous for protection
• Hormones for regulation

32
Q

Gastric glands

A
33
Q

What do mucous eptutheloial cells secrete?

A

Mucus for protection

34
Q

What do parietal cells secrete

A

Acid and intrinsic factor

35
Q

What do G cells secrete

A

Hormones (Gastrin)

36
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of pepsin)

37
Q
A
38
Q

What do are chief cells? What are their features?

A

Chief Cells: Produce enzymes
• Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Apical zymogen granules (contain pepsinogen)
• Basal nucleus

39
Q

What do parietal cells produce

A

Parietal Cells: Produce acid
• Pump ions (H+)
• Abundant mitochondria
• Central nucleus
• Folded structure to increase surface area

40
Q

Regulation of stomach function - endocrine control

A
  • Endocrine cells in mucosa
    • Gastrin and Ghrelin secreted into the bloodstream
41
Q

Regulation of stomach function - neural control

A

Neural control: • Enteric nervous system
(ENS) - local reflexes
(primary control) • CNS modulates ENS
function – long neural
reflexes

42
Q
A
43
Q

True or False?
• Parietal cells have large amounts of zymogen granules
• Rugae are folds of the mucosa, submuscosa and musclaris
• The innermost layer of the muscularis is oblique
• Gastric pits sit deep to the gastric glands

A

F
F
T
F

44
Q

We need a controlled relase of digested material (chyme) into the small insteatine…. How do we do this?

A

Using pyloric sphincter

45
Q

When acidic chyme enters the SI.. what is required by the small intestine…? What provides each requirement?

A

– Further digestion (enzymes)
– Protection from acidic chyme
• Mucous
• Neutralize acid

• Mucous provided by glands in the submucosa of the duodenum.
• Enzymes and bicarbonate provided by pancrea

46
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • head is located in the C-shaped duodenum
  • posterior to the stomach
47
Q

The pancreas has a duct into the?

A

Lumen

48
Q
A
49
Q

The pancrease has both _______ and ______ functions

A

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions

50
Q

Endocrine function of the pancrease

A

• Pancreatic islet alpha cells
secrete glucagon
• Pancreatic islet beta cells
secrete insulin

51
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

• Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (via function into lumen)
• Duct cells secrete bicarbonate

52
Q
A
53
Q

Structure of Pancreatic Acinar Cells

A

Structure:
• Apical zymogen granules
• Basal nucleus
• Abundant rough ER

54
Q

Function of Pancreatic Acinar Cells

A

Secrete enzymes

55
Q
A
56
Q

Where does the bile duct meet pancreatic duct ?

A

At the entercne of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

57
Q
A
58
Q

What projects into the duodenal lumen

A

The duodenal papilla

59
Q

What controls the realise into the duodenal lumen

A

hepatopancreatic
sphincter

60
Q
A
61
Q

• What are the key structures of the stomach?

A

LES prevents reflux into esophagus, 4 regions- cardia, fundus, body and pylorus, pyloric sphincter controls entry into small intestine

62
Q

• What structures of the stomach are needed
for storage and digestion?

A

Rugae allow expansion of stomach
Three layers of muscularis for motility
Gastric glands contain chief cells (pepsin) and parietal cells (HCl)

63
Q

• What parts of the pancreas are important for
secretion?

A

Acinar cells secrete enzymes, duct cells secrete bicarbonate, secretions enter hepatopancreatic ampulla then into small intestine

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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