21

Question 1

What is the peritoneum

Answer 1

A serous membrane

Question 2

What does the partial layer line?

Answer 2

The body wall

Question 3

What does the visceral layer line

Answer 3

The organs

Question 4

What is between the parietal and visceral layer

Answer 4

Fluid filled spaces

Question 5

Where is the retroperitoneal ?

Answer 5

• posterior to the peritonitium

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

What is a Mesentery

Answer 7

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organ to body wall

(Holding it in place)

Question 8

Omenta

Answer 8

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ (one organ will always be the stomach)

Lesser omentum: connects liver to stomach
Greater omentum: connects stomach to the transverse colon (folds over small intestine like an ape Ron

Question 9

The stomach is a _-shaped organ

Answer 9

J-shaped

Question 10

Where is the stomach located?

Answer 10

At the base of the esophagus

Question 11

Where does the esophagus pass through

Answer 11

The diaphragm
- esophageal hiatus

Question 12

What is the esophagus passing throug diaphragm called

Answer 12

Esophageal hiatus

Question 13

What prevents reflux

Answer 13

Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 14

What does the Lower esophageal sphincter do?

Answer 14

Prevents reflux

Question 15

4 main parts of the stomach

Answer 15

• cardia
• fundus
• body
• Phylorus (pyloric antrum)

Question 16

Mucosa is modified for

Answer 16

Secretion

Question 17

What allows for expansion ?

Answer 17

Temporary folds (rugae)

Question 18

What does the extra muscular is layer (oblique) allow for?

Answer 18

Motility

Question 19

What controls the passage into the duodenum

Answer 19

Phyloric sphincter

Question 20

Omentum

Answer 20

a double
layer of peritoneum
that connects one
organ to another

Question 21

Lesser omentum:

Answer 21

Stomach to liver

Question 22

• Greater omentum:

Answer 22

Stomach to
transverse colon

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

The muscularis is modified for

Answer 25

Motility

Question 26

3 layers of the muscularis

Answer 26

3 Layers: • Oblique (inner) • Circular (middle) • Longitudinal (outer)

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

Modifications to the sub mucosa - RUGAE - what are they and what are they important for?

Answer 28

- rugae are temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach (1.5L) - core of submucosa - important for storage

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Modification to mucosa in stomach - what kind of epithelium? Glands?

Answer 30

• Simple columnar epithelium • In-folding increases surface area for secretion – gastric glands • Glands do not flatten

Question 31

The stomach needs: ….. for digestion? For protection? For hormones?

Answer 31

• Acid and enzymes for digestion • Mucous for protection • Hormones for regulation

Question 32

Gastric glands

Answer 32

Question 33

What do mucous eptutheloial cells secrete?

Answer 33

Mucus for protection

Question 34

What do parietal cells secrete

Answer 34

Acid and intrinsic factor

Question 35

What do G cells secrete

Answer 35

Hormones (Gastrin)

Question 36

What do chief cells secrete

Answer 36

Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of pepsin)

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What do are chief cells? What are their features?

Answer 38

Chief Cells: Produce enzymes • Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum • Apical zymogen granules (contain pepsinogen) • Basal nucleus

Question 39

What do parietal cells produce

Answer 39

Parietal Cells: Produce acid • Pump ions (H+) • Abundant mitochondria • Central nucleus • Folded structure to increase surface area

Question 40

Regulation of stomach function - endocrine control

Answer 40

- Endocrine cells in mucosa • Gastrin and Ghrelin secreted into the bloodstream

Question 41

Regulation of stomach function - neural control

Answer 41

Neural control: • Enteric nervous system (ENS) - local reflexes (primary control) • CNS modulates ENS function – long neural reflexes

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

True or False? • Parietal cells have large amounts of zymogen granules • Rugae are folds of the mucosa, submuscosa and musclaris • The innermost layer of the muscularis is oblique • Gastric pits sit deep to the gastric glands

Answer 43

F F T F

Question 44

We need a controlled relase of digested material (chyme) into the small insteatine…. How do we do this?

Answer 44

Using pyloric sphincter

Question 45

When acidic chyme enters the SI.. what is required by the small intestine…? What provides each requirement?

Answer 45

– Further digestion (enzymes) – Protection from acidic chyme • Mucous • Neutralize acid • Mucous provided by glands in the submucosa of the duodenum. • Enzymes and bicarbonate provided by pancrea

Question 46

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 46

- retroperitoneal - head is located in the C-shaped duodenum - posterior to the stomach

Question 47

The pancreas has a duct into the?

Answer 47

Lumen

Question 48

Answer 48

Question 49

The pancrease has both _______ and ______ functions

Answer 49

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Question 50

Endocrine function of the pancrease

Answer 50

• Pancreatic islet alpha cells secrete glucagon • Pancreatic islet beta cells secrete insulin

Question 51

Exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 51

• Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (via function into lumen) • Duct cells secrete bicarbonate

Question 52

Answer 52

Question 53

Structure of Pancreatic Acinar Cells

Answer 53

Structure: • Apical zymogen granules • Basal nucleus • Abundant rough ER

Question 54

Function of Pancreatic Acinar Cells

Answer 54

Secrete enzymes

Question 55

Answer 55

Question 56

Where does the bile duct meet pancreatic duct ?

Answer 56

At the entercne of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 57

Answer 57

Question 58

What projects into the duodenal lumen

Answer 58

The duodenal papilla

Question 59

What controls the realise into the duodenal lumen

Answer 59

hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 60

Answer 60

Question 61

• What are the key structures of the stomach?

Answer 61

LES prevents reflux into esophagus, 4 regions- cardia, fundus, body and pylorus, pyloric sphincter controls entry into small intestine

Question 62

• What structures of the stomach are needed for storage and digestion?

Answer 62

Rugae allow expansion of stomach Three layers of muscularis for motility Gastric glands contain chief cells (pepsin) and parietal cells (HCl)

Question 63

• What parts of the pancreas are important for secretion?

Answer 63

Acinar cells secrete enzymes, duct cells secrete bicarbonate, secretions enter hepatopancreatic ampulla then into small intestine