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HUBS192 > 31 :D > Flashcards

31 :D Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need kidneys?

A

To control WHAT is in our blood and HOW MUCH blood we have

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2
Q

Major functions of the kidney

A

To control WHAT is in our blood and HOW MUCH blood we have

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3
Q

Endocrine function of the kidney

A

➤ low blood oxygen levels are detected by the kidneys
➤ the kidneys release EPO
➤ EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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4
Q

What happens when Chronic kidney/renal failure

A

➤ the kidneys cannot make enough EPO
➤ reduced red blood cell production
➤ ANAEMIA: low blood oxygen levels (dont have enough haemoglobin)

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5
Q

Function of the kidney - metabolic: gluconeogenesis

A

During fasting, or when our body is under stress:
- The kidneys make glucose (from lactate)

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6
Q

What is ph?

A

pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is:
- pH = -log[H+]
- pH is the inverse (opposite) of H+ ion concentration

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7
Q

The more _____ ions there are the lower the _____
= more _____

A

The more H+ ions there are the lower the pH
= more acidic

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8
Q

The _______ H+ ions there are the _________ the pH
= more basic/alkaline

A

The fewer H+ ions there are the higher the pH
= more basic/alkaline

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9
Q

What happens when pH is not regulated tightly?

A

Acidosis vs alkalosis
- urine has a wider pH range as it allows us to pee out the extra acid or extra base

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10
Q

Two main sources of acid in the body:

A
  • Acids coming from metabolism, food and drink
    • direct sources of H+ (Non-volatile acids)
  • Carbon dioxide from metabolism
  • more carbon dioxide you have the more you will shift the below equilibrium thus making more H+
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11
Q

Two systems The pH of the blood is controlled by:

A
  • Lungs: exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Kidneys: by reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+)
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12
Q

Function of the kidney - Salt/ion homeostasis: what is it important for?

A

Potassium (K+) concentration is vital for many processes!!

Importance in all cells: the resting membrane potential is based on K+ gradient (inside/outside) of cell

Neurons and cardiomyocytes: APS, rhythm generation is pacemaker cells, contractiltiy, signalling

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13
Q

Too much potassium =

A

Death❌

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14
Q

In terms of ion homeostasis, what happens if the kidneys stop working?

A

hyperkalemia (death) - too much potassium

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15
Q

Major functions of the kidney: excretion of medications - which two in particular?

A
  • Lidocaine is a commonly used local anaesthetic
    • excreted by the kidneys AFTER metabolism in the liver due
      to its fat soluble (lipophilic) nature (travel bound to a
      protein which is too big to be filtered so goes via the liver
      to be metabolised and be able to travel in the blood)
  • Aspirin is a common pain killer
    • excreted directly by the kidneys due to its high water
      solubility (hydrophilic)
  • medications are filtered and secreted by the kidneys to be excreted from the body in the urine
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16
Q

Major functions of the kidney: Body water balance

A
  • Total body water remains relatively constant
  • Intake and loss of water must balance
  • Urine output is adjusted to maintain balance
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Practice calculating

A
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19
Q

Volume of fluid in the body water compartments can change due to:

A
  • how much water there is in the body
  • the osmolarity of the body water compartments (water moves to where the osmolarity is the highest)
20
Q

Why does it matter how much water there is in our body?

A

Increase in plasma = increase in BP
Decrease in plasma = decrease in BP
Increase in ICF = swelling of cells
Decrease in ICF = shrinking of cells

21
Q

What is Osmolarity

A

The total number of solute molecules in a solution

22
Q

Normal osmolarity:

A

Extracellular fluid (including plasma):
- 275-300 mosmol/L

Intracellular fluid:
- 275-300 mosmol/L

23
Q

What does Isosmotic mean?

A
  • same amount of solute molecules per litre
  • same osmolarity
24
Q

A change in the amount of ____ in the _____ changes the ______

A

A change in the amount of water in the ECF changes the osmolarity

25
Q

How A change in the amount of water in the ECF changes the osmolarity

A
26
Q

Change in osmolarity - loss or gain in water

A

Water goes to to ECF / leaves the ECF first as it is the transitional compartment

27
Q

Change in volume

A
  • only goes to or comes from your extracellular fluid
28
Q

If you drink 1 L of isosmotic fluid the volume of your extracellular fluid (ECF) will increase by:
A. 0 L B. 0.33 L C. 0.66 L D. 1 L

A

D

29
Q

Basic functions of the nephron

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Secretion
  3. Reabsorption
30
Q

Basic nephron functions - filtration

A
  • Occurs in the renal corpuscle/ glomerulus
  • Movement of plasma from the glomerular capillaries (blood) into the glomerular capsule

Most substances in plasma are freely-filtered
- Exception: large proteins (e.g. albumin) and substances bound to proteins
- Water and solutes are filtered at a constant rate at the renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood (pretty much just plasma without the large proteins)

31
Q

Basic nephron functions - secretion

A

Movement of solutes from the peritubular capillaries (blood) into the tubular fluid

Removes additional substances (waste products) from the blood by secreting them into the tubular fluid so they are excreted in the urine
- E.g. metabolites, medications and toxins
THIS MAINLY HAPPENS IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE

32
Q

Basic nephron functions - reabsorbtion

A
  • Movement of solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries (blood)
  • Returns useful substances to the blood so they are NOT excreted in the urine
33
Q

Proximal tubule: absorbtion?

A
  • Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water and nutrients (glucose)
34
Q

Nephron loop: absorbtion?

A

Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water

35
Q

Distal tubule and collecting duct: absorbtion?

A

Fine-tuning reabsorption of ions (sodium) and water

36
Q

All 3 basic functions of the nephron

A

Filtration:
- Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood
- Blood → Nephron

Secretion:
- Removes additional substances (waste products) from the blood and adds them into the tubular fluid
- Blood → Nephron

Reabsorption:
- Returns useful substances to the blood by removing them from the tubular fluid
- Nephron → Blood

The balance of these processes determines the way a particular substance is handled in the kidneys.

37
Q

Major functions of each part of the nephron
- glomerus

A

Filtration of plasma

38
Q

Major functions of each part of the nephron
- proximal tubule

A
  • Secretion of metabolites, medications
    and toxins
  • Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium),
    water and nutrients (glucose)
39
Q

Major functions of each part of the nephron
- nephron loop

A

Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water

40
Q

Major functions of each part of the nephron
- Distal tubule and collecting duct:

A

Fine-tuning/regulated (by hormones)
reabsorption of ions (sodium) and water

41
Q
A
  • Different substances are handled differently in different parts of the nephron
  • The balance of these processes determines the
    way a particular substance is handled in the kidneys
42
Q

Sodium filtration

A
43
Q

Glucose filtration

A
44
Q

PAH filtration

A
45
Q

Filtration of creatinine and insulin

A

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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