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HUBS192 > 29 > Flashcards

29 Flashcards

1
Q

Which kidney is most inferior, and why?

A

The right, because of the location of the liver

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2
Q

What structures comprise a kidney lobe?

A

A medulllary pyramid and the cortex that surrounds it

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What is the nephron

A

Microscopic
functional unit of
the kidney

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5
Q

How many nephron per kidney

A

Approx 1 million

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6
Q

What is a nephron responsible for

A

Urine formation

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Two types of nephron

A
  • Cortical nephrons
    • 85%
    • Lie mainly in cortex
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
    • Extend deep into medulla (renal corpuscle is located towards the boundary of cortex and medulla)
    • Important for the formation of concentrated urine
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9
Q

Types of Nephron

A
  • Cortical nephrons
    • 85%
    • Lie mainly in cortex
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
    • Extend deep into medulla
    • Important for the formation of concentrated urine
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10
Q

Function of The nephron and associated structures

A

• Selectively filter blood (into the glomeric capsule)
• Return to blood anything to be kept
• Carry waste away for storage & expulsion

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11
Q

Each nephron is comprised of:

A

– A Glomerular capsule
– Renal tubules
– A collecting duct

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12
Q

Each nephron is associated with:

A

– A glomerulus
– Peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

Glomerular capillaries are specialised for:

A

Filtration

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14
Q

Structure of Glomerular capillaries

A

Thin walled single
layer of fenestrated
endothelial cells

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15
Q

What are the Glomerular capillaries fed and drained by?

A

Arterioles

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16
Q

Blood pressure in the Glomerular capillaries is

A

Tightly regulated

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17
Q

What are Peritubular capillaries
Specialised for?

A

Absorbtion

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18
Q

What do Peritubular capillaries
Wrap around?

A

Renal tubules

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19
Q

Where does Peritubular capillaries receive what kind of blood from?

A

Receives filtered blood from
glomerulus via efferent
arterioles

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20
Q

Peritubular capillaries reserve reabsorbed filtrate from where?

A

Receives reabsorbed filtrate
from nephron

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21
Q

What do peritubular capillaries receive from nephrons?

A

reabsorbed filtrate

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22
Q

Some non-______ solutes that
need to be ______ can pass
from ________ capillaries into _______

A

Some non-filtered solutes that
need to be excreted can pass
from peritubular capillaries into nephron

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23
Q

Vasa recta - what are they?

A
  • Extensions that follow nephron
    loops deep into the medulla
  • Only found with juxtamedullary
    nephrons

(The way they are associated with the long nephron loops means sodium chloride can be concentrated down in the medulla, as sodium levels the nephron can be taken in by the vasa recta and taken down into the medulla, when water is reabsorbed from the descending limb instead of accumulating in medullary region it can enter the capillary end of vasa recta and be returned to the veins - getting rid of water)

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Foetal development of Renal capsule

A
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26
Q

What is the glomerus enclosed by?

A

Glomerulus enclosed by the Glomerular
capsule

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27
Q

Where does the capillary and nephron meet?

A

The renal corpuscle

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28
Q

What is the site of the filtration barrier ?

A

The renal corpuscle

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29
Q

What is the first part of the nephron ?

A

Glomerular capsule

30
Q

Glomerulat capsule is also known as the

A

Bowman’s
capsule

31
Q

Two layers of the glomerular capsule

A
  • Outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells
  • Inner visceral layer of podocytes
32
Q

What is between the two layers of the glomerular capsule and what does it receive

A

Between the two
layers is the
capsular space
(a.k.a. Bowman’s
space/urinary
space) which
receives filtrate

33
Q

Renal corpuscle is made up of

A
  • glomerulus
  • glomerular capsule
34
Q

What surrounds the glomerular capillaries

A

Podocytes

35
Q

What are podocytes

A

Very branched, very specialised epithelium

36
Q

Branches form
intertwining foot
processes called

A

Pedicels

37
Q

What forms between pedicels

A

Filtration slits

38
Q

What passes through the filtration slits

A

Filtered blood (filtrate)
goes through these slits
and passes into capsular
space

39
Q
A
40
Q

Filtration barrier is also called the

A

blood-urine barrier/glomerular
capsular membrane

41
Q

Filtration barrier lies between

A

blood and capsular space

42
Q

Filtration barrier allows

A

free passage of water and small
molecules

43
Q

Filtration barrier restricts the passage of

A

most proteins
RBCs are not filtered into nephron

44
Q

Three layer of the filtration barrier

A

– Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
– Fused basement membrane (contains collegian and proteoglycans)
– Filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

45
Q
A

Yas

46
Q

What happens after filtrations?

A

• Urine is waste fluid and solutes filtered from the blood
• Not everything that is filtered is excreted
• Some filtrate is reabsorbed
• And some of what wasn’t filtered is secreted into the nephron

• So, urine = Filtered – Reabsorbed + Secreted

47
Q

What happens in the Proximal convoluted tubule

A

• Bulk reabsorption (2/3)

48
Q

What surrounds Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Surrounded by
peritubular capillaries

49
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) structure

A

• Structure:
– Cuboidal epithelial cells
– Dense microvilli (brush border) on luminal membrane
– Highly folded basolateral membrane
– Many mitochondria for active transport
– Leaky epithelium

50
Q

What is the nephron loop also known as?

A

Loop of Henle

51
Q

Where does the nephron loop down into?

A

The medulla

52
Q

What is the length of the nephron important for?

A
  • Length is important in production of dilute/concentrated urine
53
Q

What is the nephron loop surrounded by? (juxtamedullary nephrons
only)

A

vasa recta

54
Q

Structure of the Nephron loop

A

Thick descending limb
- Similar to PCT structure

Thin descending limb
- Simple squamous epithelium

Thin ascending limb
- Simple squamous epithelium

Thick ascending limb
- Similar to DCT structure

55
Q

Nephron loop Different permeabilities to:

A

water and sodium

56
Q

What happens mainly in distal convoluted tubule

A
  • fine tuning (with hormones - ADH and actedlytone)
57
Q

What kind of epithelium in DCT

A

Cuboidal
epithelium,

58
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is _______ is proximal DT

A

Thinner

59
Q

Structure of DCT

A

Structure
- Few microvilli = no brush border
- Fewer mitochondria
- Reabsorption influenced by aldosterone

60
Q

Main role of collection duct:

A

Fine tuning
(Principle cells absorb secreting potassium, absorbing sodium, reabsortion g water
Intercollated cells secrete hydrogen and bicarbonate ions)

61
Q

Filtrate from several _____ drains into one _________, which empty at _______

A

Filtrate from several
DCTs drains into one
collecting duct, which
empty at papilla

62
Q

Structure of Collecting duct

A

Wall of simple cuboidal epithelium

Principal cells
- Reabsorption

Intercalated cells
- Acid/Base balance

63
Q

Reabsortion in the collecting duct is influenced by

A

Reabsorption influenced by aldosterone and ADH

64
Q
A
65
Q

• Understanding
the structure of the epithelium throughout the nephron is essential to help you to understand the function of each section

A

Yeh

66
Q

Histology of the nephron
\

A
67
Q

Flow of filtrate/urine through the nephron and kidney

A

Do this

68
Q

Describe the gross internal structure of the kidneys,
including a brief overview of the path of blood towards the site of filtration. Describe the structures present in the renal corpuscle that allow filtration from the blood to
occur, and which vessels receive reabsorbed filtrate.

A
69
Q
A
70
Q
A

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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