15 Flashcards
Cartilage of the larynx
- thyroid: pointed after male puberty
- cricoid cartilage: solid ring of cartilage that wraps around entire tube leading into the trachea from anterior to posterior
- epiglottis: covers airway when swallowing
What is the ‘voice box’
Glottis
What are attached to the cartilages in the glottis
Cords
Image of folds attached to the cartilage
Vocal folds are called the ______ vocal cords
Vocal folds are called the true vocal cords
Passing air through ____ _____ causes ______ = ______ ______
Passing air causes vibrations = sounds waves
What kinds of sound production is are the vocal folds used for?
Normal phonation
What are the folds of the larynx’s
Vocal folds
Vestibular folds
Does testosterone affect cartilage and muscle?
Yes - results in longer thicker folds = deeper voice
How does a deeper voice arise?
- testosterone affects cartilage and muscle, resulting in longer, thicker folds = deeper voice
Image of the vocal folds
Vocal folds open and closed
Vestibular folds features
- ‘false’ vocal cords
- superior to vocal folds
- prevent foreign object entry to glottis
- can produce very deep sounds
Where are the vestibular folds located
Superior to vocal folds
What is the function of the vestibular folds
- prevent foreign objects from entry to the glottis
Which fold can produce very deep sounds
Vestibular
Open vs closed superior view of the vocal folds
Where is the trachea located
- anterior to esophagus
- between the larynx and the primary bronchi
Two Functions of the trachea
- Maintain patent airway
- Clean, warm, humidify air
How does the trachea maintain patent airway
- C-shapes tracheal cartilage rings
- ends are connected by a band of smooth muscle: trachealis (contracts for coughing
- ability to contract comes from many elastin fibres in lamina propria and submucosa
How does trachea maintain clean, warm and moist air?
- respiratory epithelium
- mucus glands in the submucosa (formed by a bunch of goblet cells) - able to produce a large amount of mucus which will trap a large amount of debris - can eject a large amount of debris
What does the mucociliary escalator do?
Removes debris to the pharynx, to be swallowed and digested
Diagram of mucocillary escalator in trachea
How does the mucocillary escalator work?
- mucus form goblet cells and mucous glands coat surface of epithelium producing a large amount of mucus
- large amount of debris becomes trapped
- cilia move mucus to pharynx where it is sent down the correct way
Why is the cartilage of the trachea C-shaped?
To provide protection and keep the airway open, but allow room for the esophagus (posterior) and the trachealis muscle to allow for coughing to clear obstructions
Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx ?
The epiglottis
How many lungs are there?
2
How many lobes are on the right of the lungs
3
How many lobes are there on the left
2
What happens in the hilum?
Location where bronchi and blood vessels enter
Diagram of lungs
- apex at top
- base on bottom
- slightly curved bottom as it sits on top of diaphragm
Which part touches the ribs in the front?
The costal surface
Labeled diagram of real lungs
Bronchial tree
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi (lobar) - 1 for each lobe - 2 on left - 3 on right
- Tertriary bronchi (segmental) - reaches diff segments
- continue branching until reaching terminal bronchioles
Features of the trachea - bronchial tree
- respiratory epithelium
- c-shapes cartilage rings
- trachealis muscle at posterior
Features of primary bronchi - bronchial tree
- respiratory epithlium
- cartilage and smooth muscle rings complete
Features of secondary and tertiary bronchi - bronchial tree
- respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height
- goblet cell numbers reduce
- cartilage plates
Features of bronchioles <1mm - bronchial tree
- cuboidal epithelium
- no cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchocontriction/dilation
Features of terminal bronchioles <0.5mm
- each supplies a pulmonary lobule
What changes occur to the right cartilage and epithelial tissue along the LRT?
Cartilage: complete ring in the larynx (cricoid), c-shaped in trachea, complete rings in primary bronchi, become platelets, and then absent in the bronchioles.
Epithelium: respiratory mucosa that decreases in height by the secondary bronchi. Becomes cuboidal in the bronchioles, with no goblet cells present
Why does the left long has one less lobe then the tight one?
Because of the location of the heart
Respiratory zone is made of…
Alveoli
What is the respiratory zone made of?
Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli (air sacs) arranged like branches of grapes
How many alveoli per lung
Around 150 million (not an McQ)
- makes up most of lung volume
- enormous surface area (allows to take in a lot and release a lot)
Structure of alveoli
- alveoli walls are very thin: simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane
- external surface of alveoli covered in a fine network of pulmonary capillaries
Structure of alveolus
- pocket-like - open at one side
- covered by a dense capillary network
Epithelial Cells of the lungs are called..
Pneumocytes
Two types of pneumocytes
Type 1
Type 2
Type 1 squamous - pneumocytes
- forms the respiratory membrane / blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane fused with SSE
(Forms wall)
Type 2 cuboidal - pneumocytes
- scattered amongst type 1 - not as many
- secrete surfactant, a complex lipoprotein (phospholipid) that reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid - keeps them patent/ inflated
Labeled cross section of the alveolus
- roaming macrophages to remove debris as there are no more goblet cells and mucus
Respiratory membrane:
- endothelium of capillary
- basement membrane
- epithelium of alaveoi
What connects terminal bronchi to alveoli
Alveolar duct
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW HOW TO FRAW RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Yes
What structures make up the LRT
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
How does the structure of LRT vary along its length
- the structure of the larynx allows the production of sound and ensures only air can pas
- from trachea to the bronchioles, the airway becomes narrower, with less cartilage support, more smooth muscle, and flattening of the epithelium
Key features of the lungs
Left: two lungs
Right: 3 lobes
Hilum: where vessels/bronchi enter
Apex at top
Curved base to sit against diaphragm
Type 1 forms what and type 2 forms
- type 1 pneumocytes form wall of alveoli
- type 2 pneumocytes secrete surfactant
What structures form the respiratory membrane
- alveolus wall
- fused basement membrane
- capillary wall
