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HUBS192 > 15 > Flashcards

15 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage of the larynx

A
  • thyroid: pointed after male puberty
  • cricoid cartilage: solid ring of cartilage that wraps around entire tube leading into the trachea from anterior to posterior
  • epiglottis: covers airway when swallowing
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2
Q

What is the ‘voice box’

A

Glottis

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3
Q

What are attached to the cartilages in the glottis

A

Cords

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4
Q

Image of folds attached to the cartilage

A
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5
Q

Vocal folds are called the ______ vocal cords

A

Vocal folds are called the true vocal cords

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6
Q

Passing air through ____ _____ causes ______ = ______ ______

A

Passing air causes vibrations = sounds waves

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7
Q

What kinds of sound production is are the vocal folds used for?

A

Normal phonation

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8
Q

What are the folds of the larynx’s

A

Vocal folds
Vestibular folds

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9
Q

Does testosterone affect cartilage and muscle?

A

Yes - results in longer thicker folds = deeper voice

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10
Q

How does a deeper voice arise?

A
  • testosterone affects cartilage and muscle, resulting in longer, thicker folds = deeper voice
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11
Q

Image of the vocal folds

A
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12
Q

Vocal folds open and closed

A
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13
Q

Vestibular folds features

A
  • ‘false’ vocal cords
  • superior to vocal folds
  • prevent foreign object entry to glottis
  • can produce very deep sounds
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14
Q

Where are the vestibular folds located

A

Superior to vocal folds

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15
Q

What is the function of the vestibular folds

A
  • prevent foreign objects from entry to the glottis
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16
Q

Which fold can produce very deep sounds

A

Vestibular

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17
Q

Open vs closed superior view of the vocal folds

A
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18
Q

Where is the trachea located

A
  • anterior to esophagus
  • between the larynx and the primary bronchi
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19
Q

Two Functions of the trachea

A
  1. Maintain patent airway
  2. Clean, warm, humidify air
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20
Q

How does the trachea maintain patent airway

A
  • C-shapes tracheal cartilage rings
  • ends are connected by a band of smooth muscle: trachealis (contracts for coughing
  • ability to contract comes from many elastin fibres in lamina propria and submucosa
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21
Q

How does trachea maintain clean, warm and moist air?

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • mucus glands in the submucosa (formed by a bunch of goblet cells) - able to produce a large amount of mucus which will trap a large amount of debris - can eject a large amount of debris
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22
Q

What does the mucociliary escalator do?

A

Removes debris to the pharynx, to be swallowed and digested

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23
Q

Diagram of mucocillary escalator in trachea

A
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24
Q

How does the mucocillary escalator work?

A
  • mucus form goblet cells and mucous glands coat surface of epithelium producing a large amount of mucus
  • large amount of debris becomes trapped
  • cilia move mucus to pharynx where it is sent down the correct way
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25
Q

Why is the cartilage of the trachea C-shaped?

A

To provide protection and keep the airway open, but allow room for the esophagus (posterior) and the trachealis muscle to allow for coughing to clear obstructions

26
Q

Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx ?

A

The epiglottis

27
Q

How many lungs are there?

A

2

28
Q

How many lobes are on the right of the lungs

A

3

29
Q

How many lobes are there on the left

A

2

30
Q

What happens in the hilum?

A

Location where bronchi and blood vessels enter

31
Q

Diagram of lungs

A
  • apex at top
  • base on bottom
  • slightly curved bottom as it sits on top of diaphragm
32
Q

Which part touches the ribs in the front?

A

The costal surface

33
Q

Labeled diagram of real lungs

A
34
Q

Bronchial tree

A
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary bronchi (lobar) - 1 for each lobe - 2 on left - 3 on right
  • Tertriary bronchi (segmental) - reaches diff segments
  • continue branching until reaching terminal bronchioles
35
Q

Features of the trachea - bronchial tree

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • c-shapes cartilage rings
  • trachealis muscle at posterior
36
Q

Features of primary bronchi - bronchial tree

A
  • respiratory epithlium
  • cartilage and smooth muscle rings complete
37
Q

Features of secondary and tertiary bronchi - bronchial tree

A
  • respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height
  • goblet cell numbers reduce
  • cartilage plates
38
Q

Features of bronchioles <1mm - bronchial tree

A
  • cuboidal epithelium
  • no cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchocontriction/dilation
39
Q

Features of terminal bronchioles <0.5mm

A
  • each supplies a pulmonary lobule
40
Q

What changes occur to the right cartilage and epithelial tissue along the LRT?

A

Cartilage: complete ring in the larynx (cricoid), c-shaped in trachea, complete rings in primary bronchi, become platelets, and then absent in the bronchioles.

Epithelium: respiratory mucosa that decreases in height by the secondary bronchi. Becomes cuboidal in the bronchioles, with no goblet cells present

41
Q

Why does the left long has one less lobe then the tight one?

A

Because of the location of the heart

42
Q

Respiratory zone is made of…

A

Alveoli

43
Q

What is the respiratory zone made of?

A

Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli (air sacs) arranged like branches of grapes

44
Q

How many alveoli per lung

A

Around 150 million (not an McQ)
- makes up most of lung volume
- enormous surface area (allows to take in a lot and release a lot)

45
Q

Structure of alveoli

A
  • alveoli walls are very thin: simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane
  • external surface of alveoli covered in a fine network of pulmonary capillaries
46
Q

Structure of alveolus

A
  • pocket-like - open at one side
  • covered by a dense capillary network
47
Q

Epithelial Cells of the lungs are called..

A

Pneumocytes

48
Q

Two types of pneumocytes

A

Type 1
Type 2

49
Q

Type 1 squamous - pneumocytes

A
  • forms the respiratory membrane / blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane fused with SSE

(Forms wall)

50
Q

Type 2 cuboidal - pneumocytes

A
  • scattered amongst type 1 - not as many
  • secrete surfactant, a complex lipoprotein (phospholipid) that reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid - keeps them patent/ inflated
51
Q

Labeled cross section of the alveolus

A
  • roaming macrophages to remove debris as there are no more goblet cells and mucus
52
Q

Respiratory membrane:

A
  • endothelium of capillary
  • basement membrane
  • epithelium of alaveoi
53
Q

What connects terminal bronchi to alveoli

A

Alveolar duct

54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW HOW TO FRAW RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

A

Yes

57
Q

What structures make up the LRT

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

58
Q

How does the structure of LRT vary along its length

A
  • the structure of the larynx allows the production of sound and ensures only air can pas
  • from trachea to the bronchioles, the airway becomes narrower, with less cartilage support, more smooth muscle, and flattening of the epithelium
59
Q

Key features of the lungs

A

Left: two lungs
Right: 3 lobes
Hilum: where vessels/bronchi enter

Apex at top
Curved base to sit against diaphragm

60
Q

Type 1 forms what and type 2 forms

A
  • type 1 pneumocytes form wall of alveoli
  • type 2 pneumocytes secrete surfactant
61
Q

What structures form the respiratory membrane

A
  • alveolus wall
  • fused basement membrane
  • capillary wall

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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