Turning Points Repression Revision Flashcards
Turning Points Repression Revision
turning points repression revision
CRIMEAN WAR:
When did Alexander II relax censorship?
1865
What did Alexander II still believe after the Crimean War?
Autocracy and that God wanted him to be tsar
What was introduced in 1864?
The Zemstva
What system was introduced in 1864?
The introduction of a jury system
When was the emancipation edict?
1861
How many people received their liberty in the emancipation edict?
23 million
What policy did Alexander II introduce?
Glasnost (openness)
What newspaper did the government publish?
Ruskii
How many books were published in 1864?
1836 books
DEATH OF ALEXANDER II:
What was passed in 1881 which gave the Okhrana more powers?
The Statute Concerning measures for the Production of State Security and the Social Order
When was the ‘People’s Will’ disbanded?
1884
Who was assassinated in May 1887?
Lenin’s brother
What did the Okhrana have the power to do under Alexander III?
Infiltrate dissident groups
What did the army enforce under Alexander III?
Russification
What was the period under Alexander III known as?
The ‘Reaction’
Who influenced the ‘Reaction’?
Konstantin Pobedonostsev
What did Alexander III introduce in 1889 to control the behaviour of peasants?
Land Captains
What local government was banned under Alexander III?
The mir
What was the government allowed to do in regards to publishing?
The government was allowed to censor books before they were published
1905 REVOLUTION:
What did Nicholas II have the power to do after the Fundamental Laws?
Shut down the Duma
How many Dumas were there from 1906 to 1917?
4
How many Dumas did Nicholas II shut down from 1906 to 1907?
2
What did Nicholas II use repression to implement after 1906?
Autocracy
How many people were executed in 1909?
537 people
Why did Nicholas II shut down the first Duma in July 1906?
He claimed the actions of the Duma were illegal when they had a radical option for land redistribution which quickly gained press coverage
Who were executed between the first and second Dumas and what were they known as?
Kadet and Labourist party members who had signed the Vyborg Manifesto were executed - known as Stolypin’s neckties
What could the Okhrana do after 1905?
Execute without trial
OCTOBER REVOLUTION:
How many people did the Cheka execute per year from 1917 to 1922?
28,000
What was the role of the Cheka?
To deal with ‘counter-revolutionaries’
How did the Cheka victimise people?
The Cheka victimised people on who they were, not what they had done
How many conscripts were in the Red Army by 1922?
5 million
What did the Red Army impose along with the Cheka?
War Communism
Why was press freedom abolished?
To suppress ‘counter-revolutionaries’
When was Agitprop created?
1921
When did Lenin ban all other parties?
1921
How many people were killed in Tambov’s rebellion?
140,000
What was used on peasants in Tambov’s rebellion?
Chemical weapons
THE RISE OF STALIN:
How did Stalin use repression?
Through the NKVD/gulags
How many members of the NKVD had been killed by 1938?
20,000
When did Stalin take control of Party Congress?
1927
What did the NKVD create?
A permanent form of terror
What high-rankings communists were executed by the NKVD?
Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky
What two NKVD leaders were executed in 1938 and 1940 respectively?
Yagoda and Yezhov
When was the ‘Great Terror’?
1936 to 1938
How was the army leadership purged in the ‘Great Terror’?
40% of top army leadership was executed from 1936 to 1938
What was set up for writers?
The Union of Soviet Writers (USW)
How many writers were put on trial for treason in August 1952?
15 - 13 executed
What did Stalin create around himself and Lenin?
A cult of personality
How many people died in the Holodomor famine?
7.5 million people
How many peasants were executed on collectivised farms between 1932 and 1933?
125,000
How many kulaks were deported to Kazakhstan?
5 million
DE-STALINISATION:
How many political prisoners were there by 1960?
11,000
What did Khrushchev launch an attack on in a speech in 1956?
‘The Cult of the Individual and its Consequences’
How many books were published per year under Khrushchev?
65,000
What did Khrushchev replace the MVD with in 1954?
The KGB
What was the KGB under?
Party control
When were the gulags shut down?
1955
What was the size of the army in 1955 and 1964?
1955 - 3.6 million
1964 - 2.4 million
How many libraries were there containing how many books by 1959?
135,000 libraries containing 8 billion books
How many workers were executed after a protest in Novocherkassk over food riots?
23
