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Russia and its Rulers > Chapter 1.6 - The Nature of Government: Opposition > Flashcards

Chapter 1.6 - The Nature of Government: Opposition Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 1.6 - opposition

A

chapter 1.6

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2
Q

Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Alexander II
What were two key opposition groups during the reign of A2?

A

The Populists and the People’s Will

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3
Q

What did the Populists consist of?

A

Middle and upper class intellectuals who wanted political change

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4
Q

Why were the Populists able to exist?

A

Because of Alexander II’s liberal reforms

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5
Q

What were the main figures of the Populists, Chernyshevsky and Lavrov, influenced by?

A

The writings of Karl Marx

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6
Q

What campaign did Lavrov organise in the mid 1870s?

A

The ‘Going to the People’ campaign from 1873 to 1874

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7
Q

Why did the Populists split and what group formed as a result in 1876?

A

The Populists split after the failure of the ‘Going to the People’ campaign, as a result Land and Liberty formed in 1876

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8
Q

What terrorist group emerged from the Land and Liberty movement?

A

The People’s Will

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9
Q

What was the primary objective of the People’s Will?

A

To assassinate the tsar

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10
Q

Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Alexander III
What did A3 crack down on?

A

Revolutionary political parties

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11
Q

When did the Okhrana disband the People’s Will?

A

1884

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12
Q

Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Nicholas II
What party, led by Victor Chernov, formed in 1901?

A

The Socialist Revolutionary Party

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13
Q

What two groups had the Socialist Revolutionary Party split into by 1905?

A
  • Radical left-wing SRs
  • Moderate right-wing SRs
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14
Q

How many political killings was the Socialist Revolutionary Party responsible for from 1900 to 1905?

A

2000

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15
Q

When did the All-Russian Social Democratic Party form?

A

1898

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16
Q

What was the All-Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party influenced by?

A

George Plekhanov’s interpretation of Marx’s work

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17
Q

What did George Plekhanov emphasise the need for?

A

Working-class consciousness

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18
Q

What did the Social Democrat party split into in 1905?

A

The Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks

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19
Q

What were 3 parties in the Duma?

A
  • Liberals
  • Kadets
  • Octobrists
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20
Q

What were The Liberals referred to as?

A

‘Westernisers’

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21
Q

How the Liberals wanted Russian to be governed?

A

In a similar way to Western European democracies e.g. Britain

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22
Q

What did the Union of Liberation, founded by Pyotr Struve in 1904, demand?

A

Greater freedom and justice for all Russians

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23
Q

What did the Kadets want?

A

A constitutional monarchy

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24
Q

What did the both the Kadets and Octobrists support?

A

Nicholas II’s October Manifesto

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25
Q

Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Lenin
Who was the opposition to Lenin in the Civil War?

A

The Whites

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26
Q

What was the Whites a coalition of?

A

Liberals, tsarists and socialists who opposed the Bolsheviks

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27
Q

When did Lenin ban all other parties?

A

1921

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28
Q

What did Lenin ban within the Bolshevik party?

A

Factionalism

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29
Q

After the Provisional Government was overthrown in 1917, what prominent Bolsheviks called a coalition with other socialist groups?

A

Kamenev, Zinoviev and Rykov

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30
Q

What did the left oppose?

A

The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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31
Q

What split the Bolshevik party?

A

The NEP

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32
Q

What was formed within the Politburo before Lenin’s death, with the purpose of combating the influence of Trotsky?

A

The Triumvirate (Troika)

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33
Q

Who were the three members of the Politburo who were part of the Triumvirate?

A

Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin

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34
Q

When was Trotsky expelled from the party?

A

In 1927

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35
Q

Who did Stalin remove from the party after they criticised his dealing with peasants and foreign policy?

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev - replaced with Stalinists

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36
Q

Opposition (Peasants): Alexander II
What did the 1861 Emancipation Edict lead to?

A

A number of revolts around Russia

37
Q

When was the Bezdna revolt?

A

April 1861

38
Q

What did literate peasant claim about the Emancipation Edict, leading to the Bezdna revolt?

A

Petrov claimed that the EE was a lie and was a tool to oppress peasants

39
Q

How many peasants gathered in the Bezdna revolt and how many were killed when the army opened fire?

A

5000 peasants gathered, 91 were killed

40
Q

Opposition (Peasants): Nicholas II (pre-WW1)
Why were there many disturbances between 1900 and 1907?

A

Issues relating to redemption payments

41
Q

What did peasants do as a show of protest?

A

Peasants robbed warehouses, attacked landowners and burnt down property

42
Q

How did Stolypin react to peasant protests?

A

Stolypin carried out land reforms to appease peasant grievances

43
Q

Opposition (Peasants): Nicholas II (WW1)
What caused widespread unrest during WW1?

A

Conscription

44
Q

How many soldiers and policemen were murdered whilst conscripting peasants in 1914?

A

250

45
Q

How many people died in a riot in Tsaritsyn in 1914?

A

20

46
Q

Opposition (Peasants): Provisional Government
When were there widespread disturbances?

A

October 1917

47
Q

Who caused the disturbances during the provisional goverment?

A

Peasants who had become politically aware in WW1

48
Q

Opposition (Peasants): Lenin
What was forced upon peasants during the Civil War?

A

Peasants were forcibly conscripted into the Red and White armies

49
Q

What did peasants revolt against during the Civil War?

A

War Communism

50
Q

What was the largest revolt during the Civil War?

A

Tambov’s Rebellion from 1920 to 1921

51
Q

How many people were killed in Tambov’s rebellion and what was used on peasants?

A

140,000 killed, chemical weapons used on peasants

52
Q

How may peasants served in the ‘Green Armies’?

A

40,000

53
Q

What placated many peasants?

A

The New Economic Policy (NEP)

54
Q

Opposition (Peasants): Stalin
What two Stalinist programmes ignited peasant unrest?

A

Collectivisation and dekulakisation

55
Q

How did peasants resist collectivisation?

A

They slaughtered their animals

56
Q

How many cows were there in the USSR in 1928 and 1941?

A

1928 - 33.2 million cows
1941 - 27.6 million cows

57
Q

What happened to regions suspected of hoarding grain?

A

They were denied food

58
Q

How many Ukrainians died in the Holodomor famine from 1932 to 1933?

A

7.5 million

59
Q

How many peasants were executed on Kolkhoz (collectivised farms) between 1932 and 1933?

A

125,000

60
Q

How many kulaks were deported to Kazakhstan?

A

5 million

61
Q

Opposition (Workers): Alexander II
What process started under Alexander II?

A

Industralisation

62
Q

What were the strikes like under A2?

A

Small, local affairs

63
Q

Opposition (Workers): Alexander III
How many participated in a strike at the Morozov artillery works in 1885?

A

8000

64
Q

How many workers were arrested in the strike at the Morozov artillery works and how many were put on trial?

A

600 workers arrested, 33 put on trial

65
Q

Opposition (Workers): Nicholas II
Where was there a strike in December 1904?

A

At the Putillov artillery factory

66
Q

How many workers from how many factories took part in sympathy strikes in January 1905?

A

150,000 workers from 382 factories

67
Q

What was the date on which Bloody Sunday happened?

A

22nd January 1905

68
Q

How many people died in Bloody Sunday protest?

A

Up to 200

69
Q

What did workers form in the cities?

A

Soviets

70
Q

How many people were killed by government repression in the 1905 revolution?

A

14,000

71
Q

Where did the army open fire on strikers in 1912?

A

The Lena Goldfield mine

72
Q

How many people were killed during the strikes at the Lena Goldfield mine?

A

270

73
Q

How many people went on strike in Paril 12th in 1912?

A

300,000

74
Q

How many strikes were there in St Petersburg on the 1st May 1912?

A

1,000

75
Q

What caused the February Revolution to start?

A

100,000 workers went on strike at the Putillov artillery

76
Q

How many people were striking by the end of February 1917?

A

500,000

77
Q

How many soldiers deserted the army and joined the strikes in St Petersburg?

A

150,000

78
Q

What did these strikes bring down?

A

Nicholas II and tsarist Russia

79
Q

Opposition (Workers): Provisional Government
What did workers form after the February Revolution, which was never controlled by the Provisional Government?

A

The Petrograd Soviet

80
Q

What was the July Days?

A

The July Days happened when a march of 500,000 workers turned into a riot

81
Q

Who instigated the riots in the July Days?

A

The Soviets

82
Q

Who led the mass strikes in the run up to the October Revolution, leading to the overthrow of the Provisional Government?

A

The Bolsheviks

83
Q

Opposition (Workers): Lenin
Why did many peasants move into the cities?

A

To take over the jobs of the workers who had died in the Civil War

84
Q

Why was there little unrest under Lenin?

A
  • Peasants were uneducated
  • NEP
85
Q

Opposition (Workers): Stalin
What did production targets lead to?

A

Rise in suicides

86
Q

What was there none of in WW1?

A

Strikes

87
Q

Opposition (Workers): Khrushchev
What did Khrushchev reduce the working day to?

A

7 hours

88
Q

How many workers were executed in Novocherkassk after a protest over food prices?

A

23

Russia and its Rulers (35 decks)

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