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Russia and its Rulers > Chapter 1.4 - Methods of Repression and Enforcement > Flashcards

Chapter 1.4 - Methods of Repression and Enforcement Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 1.4 - methods of repression and enforcement

A

chapter 1.4

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2
Q

What are the 4 different ways repression was used in Russia?

A
  • Secret Police
  • Army
  • Censorship
  • Propaganda
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3
Q

The Secret Police: Alexander II
What was the secret police called under A2?

A

The Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery

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4
Q

What was the role of the Third Section?

A

To catch dissidents

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5
Q

When was the Third Section replaced by the Okhrana?

A

1880

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6
Q

How many unsuccessful assassination attempts on A2 were there?

A

5

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7
Q

How many people died when a bomb at the Winter Palace exploded in 1880?

A

11

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8
Q

When and where was A2 assassinated?

A

Assassinated on the 13th March 1881 in St Petersburg

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9
Q

The Secret Police: Alexander III
What did the Okhrana have the power to do after their power was increased by A3?

A

Infiltrate dissident groups

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10
Q

What opposition group was disbanded by the Okhrana in 1884?

A

The ‘People’s Will’

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11
Q

Who did the Okhrana execute in 1887 along with 4 others for plotting to assassinate the tsar?

A

Lenin’s brother

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12
Q

Why did the Okhrana become less prominent in the 1890s?

A

There was a lack of opposition

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13
Q

The Secret Police: Nicholas II
How many dissidents were murdered between 1905 and 1907?

A

3000

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14
Q

When was Prime Minister Stolypin assassinated?

A

18th September 1911

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15
Q

Why was the assassination of Grand Duke Sergi in 1905 important?

A

He was the tsar’s uncle

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16
Q

When could the Okhrana execute without trial?

A

After 1905

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17
Q

The Secret Police: Provisional Government
When was the Okhrana abolished?

A

February 1917

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18
Q

What did the provisional government replace the Okhrana with?

A

Nothing - no secret police

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19
Q

What did the provisional government set up to arrest people undermining the war effort?

A

The Counter Espionage Bureau of the Petrograd Military District

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20
Q

The Secret Police: Lenin
What was the secret police called under Lenin and when was it established?

A

The Cheka - established by the Bolsheviks in December 1917

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21
Q

Why was the Cheka’s victimisation of people unfair?

A

The Cheka victimised people on who they were and not what they had done

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22
Q

What was the role of the Cheka?

A

To deal with ‘counter-revolutionaries’

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23
Q

What did the head of the Cheka, Dzerzhinsky, instruct members?

A

‘Your first duty is to ask him to which class he belongs, what are his origins, his education, and his occupation. These questions should decide the fate of the prisoner’

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24
Q

What did the Cheka implementing Red Terror involve? 3 things

A
  • Implementing War Communism
  • Elimination of kulaks
  • Enforcement of conscription
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25
Q

How many people did the Cheka execute per year from 1917 to 1922?

A

28,000

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26
Q

When was the Cheka disbanded and what replaced it?

A

Replaced in 1922 by the GPU

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27
Q

What did the GPU become in 1924?

A

OGPU

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28
Q

The Secret Police: Stalin
What was set up to combat opposition to Stalin’s personal dictatorship? in 1934?

A

The NKVD

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29
Q

What 3 high-ranking communists were executed by the NKVD?

A
  • Trotsky
  • Kamenev
  • Zinoviev
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30
Q

Who was the first head of the NKVD and when was he executed?

A

Yagoda - executed in 1938

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31
Q

When was Yagoda’s replacement, Yezhov, executed?

A

1940

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32
Q

What did the NKVD create in Russia?

A

A permanent form of terror

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33
Q

How many people did the NKVD send to the gulags under the Stalinist regime?

A

Over 40 million people

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34
Q

How many members of the NKVD had been purged by the start of WW2?

A

Around 20,000 people

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35
Q

After the NKVD became the NKGB in 1943, what were the two groups it split into?

A

MGB and MVD

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36
Q

When was Beria head of secret police?

A

1938 to 1953

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37
Q

What happened to Beria after Stalin’s death?

A

He was executed in December 1953 under the orders of Khrushchev

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38
Q

The Secret Police: Khrushchev
What did Khrushchev replace the MVD with in 1954?

A

The KGB

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39
Q

How was secret police under Khrushchev different to how it was under Stalin?

A

The KGB was under party control rather than individual control

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40
Q

When were the gulags shut down?

A

1955

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41
Q

How many political prisoners were there by 1960?

A

11,000

42
Q

The Army: Alexander II
What did Alexander II use the army for in 1863?

A

To put down the Polish Revolt

43
Q

The Army: Alexander III
What did Alexander III use the army for?

A

Enforcing Russification

44
Q

The Army: Nicholas II
What did the army do on Bloody Sunday in 1905?

A

Opened fire on protesters

45
Q

What did the army crush under Nicholas II?

A

The 1905 revolution

46
Q

What was the role of the army from 1905 to 1917?

A

To dismantle strikes, protests and riots

47
Q

How many members of the Petrograd Garrison supported the February 1917 revolution?

A

150,000 members

48
Q

What did Lenin and Trotsky encourage soldiers to form?

A

The Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC)

49
Q

What did the MRC become?

A

The vanguard of the revolution

50
Q

The Army: Lenin
How many conscripts were there in the Red Army by 1922?

A

5 million conscripts in the Red Army by 1922

51
Q

How many troops were in the Whites opposition?

A

500,000 troops

52
Q

What did the Red Army impose with the Cheka?

A

War Communism

53
Q

How many troops did Trotsky send to recapture the island where there was a mutiny at the Kronstadt naval base in February 1921?

A

50,000

54
Q

The Army: Stalin
What economic policy did Stalin use the military to implement?

A

Collectivisation

55
Q

During the great purge from 1936-38, what % of the top echelon of the military had disappeared?

A

40%

56
Q

Why was purging the top officers in the military illogical?

A

At the time there were rising international tensions following Hitler’s expansionist foreign policy

57
Q

What did Stalin order Russian troops to do in WW2?

A

Fight ‘to the last drop of blood’

58
Q

What was successfully defended in WW2?

A

Moscow and Stalingrad

59
Q

The Army: Khrushchev
What did Khrushchev use the army to crush?

A

The Hungarian Uprising in 1956

60
Q

What was the size of the army in 1955 and 1964?

A

1955 - 3.6 million
1964 - 2.4 million

61
Q

Censorship: Alexander II
What was experienced for the first time in Russia during the rule of Alexander II?

A

Glasnost (openness)

62
Q

When was censorship relaxed?

A

1865

63
Q

What did the government have the right to do despite censorship being relaxed?

A

The government had the right to withdraw publications of a ‘dangerous orientation’

64
Q

What newspaper did the government publish?

A

Ruskii

65
Q

How many books were published in 1855?

A

1020 books published

66
Q

How many books were published in 1864?

A

1836 books published

67
Q

What was published in Russian in 1872?

A

Volume 1 of Marx’s ‘Das Kapital’

68
Q

Censorship: Alexander III
What did the government have the right to do under A3?

A

The government was allowed to censor written material before it was published

69
Q

What happened to newspapers the government didn’t agree with?

A

They were shut down

70
Q

Censorship: Nicholas II pre-WW1
What did Nicholas II do in regards to censorship?

A

Nicholas II reverted to the glasnost of Alexander II

71
Q

How much did the circulation of periodicals increase from 1900 to 1914?

A

Increased three-fold

72
Q

What happened to prepublication censorship?

A

It disappeared

73
Q

What newspaper emerged that was aimed at the proletariat under Nicholas II?

A

‘Kopek’ (penny)

74
Q

What began to be reported in print?

A

Political matters discussed in the Duma

75
Q

Censorship: Nicholas II during WW2
What happened to censorship during WW1?

A

It increased dramatically

76
Q

How did most people get their news?

A

From troops listening to foreign broadcasts

77
Q

Censorship: Lenin
Why did the Bolsheviks abolish press freedom?

A

In order to suppress ‘counter-revolutionaries’

78
Q

What department was set up in 1921 with the aim of promoting an idealised picture of Russian life?

A

Agitation and Propaganda department (Agitprop)

79
Q

What was put under surveillance by the Bolsheviks?

A

Schools, cinema, radio and libraries

80
Q

What writers were given gifts form promoting the new government?

A

Gorky and Zemyatin

81
Q

Censorship: Stalin
By when were all literary groups shut down?

A

1932

82
Q

What did writers in the Soviet Union have to join?

A

The Union of Soviet Writers (USW)

83
Q

What did members of the Union of Soviet Writers have to produce material under the banner of?

A

Socialist realism

84
Q

How many writers were put on trial for treason in August 1952 and how many were executed?

A

15 put on trial - 13 executed

85
Q

Censorship: Khrushchev
What happened to censorship under Khrushchev?

A

Censorship was eased

86
Q

How many books were published per year by the late 1950s?

A

65,000 books - 2x as many as in the 1920s

87
Q

How many libraries were there by 1959 and how many books did they contain?

A

135,000 libraries containing around 8 billion books

88
Q

How many more books were there in 1959 than there were in 1913?

A

10x more books

89
Q

What was the readership of newspapers by the early 1960s?

A

Nearly 60 million

90
Q

How many films were made in 1959?

A

145

91
Q

Propaganda: Nicholas II
What was distributed after the 1905 revolution?

A

Photos of the royal family

92
Q

Propaganda: Lenin
What was set up in 1921 to distribute propaganda?

A

Agitprop

93
Q

What slogans did the Bolsheviks use to communicate their message to the population?

A
  • ‘Peace, Bread and Land’
  • ‘All Power to the Soviets’
94
Q

What was Petrograd renamed in 1924?

A

Leningrad

95
Q

What newspaper did the Bolsheviks set up?

A

Pravda (truth)

96
Q

Propaganda: Stalin
What did Stalin create around himself and Lenin?

A

A cult of personality

97
Q

What was a Stalin slogan in 1924?

A

‘Stalin is the Lenin of Today’

98
Q

How much did membership to the youth group Komsomol increase from 1929 to 1941?

A

Increased five-fold

99
Q

What type of music was banned?

A

Jazz music

100
Q

What did the Stakhanovite movement encourage?

A

People to work harder

101
Q

What did movies depict?

A

‘Socialist realism’

102
Q

How many directors of the movie industry were executed between 1948 and 1953?

A

2

Russia and its Rulers (35 decks)

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