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Russia and its Rulers > Alexander II Revision > Flashcards

Alexander II Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 1 - Nature of Government

A

Chapter 1/4

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2
Q

Ideologies (Autocracy):
What did A2 do in 1856?

A

He made peace with Crimea after the Crimean War

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3
Q

What is an A2 quote in 1856 about abolishing serfdom?

A

‘it is better to begin abolishing serfdom from above than wait for it to begin to abolish itself from below’

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4
Q

What was one of his reforms in 1865?

A

He relaxed censorship in 1865 - gave writers greater freedom of expression

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5
Q

What did he form in 1864?

A

Zemstva - regional council

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6
Q

Developments in Central Administration:
What did A2 abolish in 1861 and what did he replace it with?

A
  • In 1861 he abolished the Personal Chancellery of the Imperial Majesty
  • Replaced it with the Council of Ministers
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7
Q

What was the role of the Council of Ministers?

A

The Council of Ministers discussed legislation which could be given royal assent or passed on to the Committee of Ministers

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8
Q

What was the Committee of Ministers and how many ministers were there?

A

The Committee of Ministers was 13 ministers who were all responsible for a particular aspect of the administration
Purely administrative and ministers were answerable to the Tsar

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9
Q

What were the 4 most important roles on the Committee of Ministers?

A

Minister of :
- the interior
- war
- finance
- Chief Procurator of the Holy Snyod

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10
Q

Changes in local government:
What was local government before 1861? (3 points)

A
  • Provinces under the jurisdiction of noble landowners
  • Village issues discussed by the mir
  • Local nobility a bridge from the central government to the outreaches of the empire
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11
Q

What were changes to local government after the Emancipation Edict in 1861? *2x

A
  • Nobility no longer owned the peasants
  • Zemstva introduced in 1864
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12
Q

What percentage of the Zemstva was nobility?

A

74%

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13
Q

What were judicial changes under Alexander II?

A
  • In 1864 a jury system was introduced
  • In 1877 a new department in the Senate was set up to try political cases
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14
Q

What is an example of a case that was tried in the Senate?

A

The Vera Zasulich case

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15
Q

Repression and Enforcement:
What was the role of the Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery?

A

To catch dissidents

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16
Q

When was the Third Section replaced with the Okhrana?

A

1880

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17
Q

How many assassination attempts were there on A2?

A

5

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18
Q

How many were killed when a bomb exploded in the Winter Palace in 1880?

A

11

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19
Q

When and where was A2 assassinated?

A

13th March 1881 in St Petersburg

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20
Q

What did A2 use the army to do?

A

To put down the Polish Revolt in 1863

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21
Q

Despite censorship being relaxed in 1865, what could the government still do?

A

Withdraw books after publication

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22
Q

What newspaper did the government publish?

A

Ruskii

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23
Q

How many books were published in 1864?

A

1836

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24
Q

What book was translated into Russian in 1872?

A

‘Das Kapital’ by Karl Marx

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25
Q

What two opposition groups were there during A2’s reign?

A
  • The Populists and the People’s Will
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26
Q

Who made up The Populists?

A

Middle and upper-class intellects who wanted political change

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27
Q

What prominent figure of The Populists organised the ‘Going to the People’ movement of 1873-74?

A

Pyotr Lavrov

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28
Q

What was Pyotr Lavrov influenced by?

A

Marxism

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29
Q

What happened to The Populists and what was formed as a result?

A

The Populists split into two camps, led to Land and Liberty forming in 1876

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30
Q

When was the People’s Will formed?

A

1879

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31
Q

What was the primary objective of the People’s Will?

A

To assassinate the Tsar

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32
Q

What did the People’s Will do in 1881?

A

Assassinate A2

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33
Q

What caused a number of revolts around Russia?

A

The 1861 Emancipation Edict

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34
Q

What was the largest peasant revolt and when did it happen?

A

Bezdna revolt in April 1861

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35
Q

How many peasants gathered in the Bezdna revolt and how many were killed when the army opened fire?

A

5000 gathered and 91 were killed

36
Q

Chapter 2 - The Impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society

A

Chapter 2/4

37
Q

Extent and reasons for economic change: Industralisation
What was one of the reasons for A2 deciding to industralise?

A

He wanted to prevent peasant unrest

38
Q

Who was appointed as Minister of Finance in 1862?

A

Mikhail Reutern

39
Q

What businessman from Manchester developed the Russian textile industry?

A

Ludwig Loop

40
Q

What company did JJ Hughes set up in Russia?

A

The New Russian Coal, Iron and Railmaking company

41
Q

What % of steel production in Russia was JJ Hughes responsible for?

A

50%

42
Q

What % of railways were private by 1880?

A

94%

43
Q

How many miles of railway were built in 1862?

A

2194 miles

44
Q

How many miles of railway were built in 1878?

A

13979 miles

45
Q

Agriculture:
What freed the serfs in 1861?

A

The Emancipation Edict

46
Q

When were serfs owned the state officially freed?

A

1865

47
Q

What were the conditions on redemption payments?

A

Money to be paid back over 49 years with 6% pa

48
Q

Extent and reasons for social change: Education
What % of the army was literate in the mid 1860s?

A

7%

49
Q

Who was put in charge of education in 1864?

A

The Zemstva

50
Q

Who was appointed Minister for Education in 1870?

A

Dmitri Tolstoy

51
Q

How much did state school entrance increase by from 1855 to 1865?

A

The number of secondary school students doubled from 1855 to 1865

52
Q

How many schools were there in Russia by 1880?

A

23,000

53
Q

Food and Famine:
Why was A2 worried about food shortages?

A

He thought they would cause unrest

54
Q

What were the Zemstva placed in charge of in times of famine?

A

They were put in charge of drawing up emergency measures to deal with famines in 1864

55
Q

Limits of personal, political and religious freedoms:
What did A2 use as a form of social control?

A

The Orthodox Church

56
Q

What did the state have control of?

A

Orthodox and non-orthodox religion

57
Q

Chapter 3 - Impact of wars and revolutions

A

Chapter 3/4

58
Q

Crimean War: Political Impacts
What did Russia remain after the Crimean war?

A

An autocracy

59
Q

What two additions to government were there as a result of the Crimean War?

A
  • Council of ministers
  • Committee of ministers
60
Q

How much land did the nobility own in 1914 in comparison to the mid 1870s?

A
  • Mid 1870s : 200 million acres of land
  • 1914: 140 million acres of land
61
Q

Crimean War: Social Impacts
When were the serfs freed?

A

1861

62
Q

What was the Bezdna revolt?

A

Literal peasant Bezdna said the EE was a lie. 5000 peasants gathered and 91 were killed when the army opened fire

63
Q

How much did school intake from 1855 to 1865?

A

The number of secondary school students doubled

64
Q

How may schools were there by 1880?

A

23,000

65
Q

When was the jury system introduced?

A

1864

66
Q

Crimean War: Economic Impacts
How much did railway track production increase by?

A

7x

67
Q

How many miles of track were built in 1862 and 1878?

A

1862: 2194 miles
1878: 13979 miles

68
Q

How much did the Russian economy grow every year under Mikhail Reutern?

A

6%

69
Q

Russo Turkish War: Political impacts
Despite winning the war, why wasn’t the war a success for Russia?

A

They weren’t given any of the spoils (rewards) at the Congress of Berlin

70
Q

Russo Turkish War: Economic impacts
What was the victory in the Crimean War a sign of?

A

Russian industry improving - the economy was able to handle the strains of war

71
Q

Russo Turkish War: Social impacts
What happened as a result of the decision at the Congress of Berlin?

A

Social unrest

72
Q

Chapter 4 - Russia and its empire, nationalities and satellite states

A

Chapter 4/4

73
Q

What process did A2 start after the Crimean War and Polish Revolt?

A

The process of Russification

74
Q

Finland: Political
What were the two political changes in Finland under A2?

A
  • Created a Finnish Parliament in 1863
  • Created a Finnish constitution in 1865
75
Q

Ukraine: Social
What happened to Ukrainian secondary schools in 1862?

A

They were abolished

76
Q

What happened in 1863 in Ukraine?

A

A decree stated that the Ukrainian language does not exist

77
Q

What became illegal in Ukraine in 1876?

A

It became illegal to publish books in Ukrainian

78
Q

The Baltic States: Social
What two bans were there in Lithuania?

A
  • Lithuanian was banned in schools in 1865
  • Lithuanians were banned from government jobs
79
Q

Poland (Polish Revolt): Political
Who was Poland put under the control of?

A

War Minister Milyutin

80
Q

What happened to the Polish nobility after the Polish Revolt?

A

They were exiled to Siberia - the Russian nobles took over

81
Q

What did Poland become officially known as?

A

The ‘Vistula region’ of Russia

82
Q

Polish Revolt: Social
What became the official language after the revolt?

A

Russian - taught in schools

83
Q

What was the Catholic church banned from communicating with?

A

The vatican

84
Q

What happened to the leading bishops?

A

They were arrested

85
Q

Polish Revolt: Economic
What happened to the Polish serfs?

A

They were emancipated - had more rights than Russian peasants

86
Q

How were the redemption payments different for Poles?

A

Redemption payments had to be paid by all landowners, not just peasants

87
Q

Far East: Political
What city was established in 1860 after Russia took land off China?

A

The city of Vladivostok

Russia and its Rulers (35 decks)

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