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Russia and its Rulers > Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Industrialisation > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Industrialisation Flashcards

1
Q

ALEXANDER II: INDUSTRIALISATION

A

ALEXANDER II: INDUSTRIALISATION

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2
Q

How did A2 believe he could prevent peasant unrest?

A

By moving rural workers into industry

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3
Q

What was A2 committed to?

A

State involvement in industry

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4
Q

Who did A2 appoint as minister of finance in 1862?

A

Mikhail Reutern

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5
Q

What did Reutern attract in order to industrialise quickly?

A

Foreign investment

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6
Q

Who Manchester businessman helped develop the Russian textile industry?

A

Ludwig Loop

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7
Q

Who were responsible for the growth of the modern oil industry around Baku in the caucuses?

A

Nobel brothers

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8
Q

What company did Welsh businessman JJ Hughes create?

A

The New Russian Coal, Iron and Railmaking company

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9
Q

What % of steel production was JJ Hughes’ company responsible for by 1900?

A

50%

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10
Q

How many miles of railway track were built in 1862?

A

2194 miles

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11
Q

How many miles of railway track were built in 1878?

A

13,979 miles

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12
Q

How much did industrial output increase during Reutern’s term as minister of finance?

A

Industrial output doubled

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13
Q

What was the average annual growth rate under Mikhail Reutern?

A

6%

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14
Q

What years was Mikhail Reutern minister of finance?

A

1862 to 1878

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15
Q

What happened from 1873 to 1882 which did not affect Russia?

A

The economic depression in Europe

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16
Q

What % of railway lines were in private hands by 1880?

A

94%

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17
Q

INDUSTRIALISATION: ALEXANDER III

A

INDUSTRIALISATION: ALEXANDER III

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18
Q

Who was the finance minster from 1882 to 1886?

A

Nikolay Bunge

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19
Q

What was there a move towards under Alexander III and Nikolay Bunge?

A

Greater state ownership of the railways

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20
Q

What % of railways were controlled by the state by 1911?

A

69%

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21
Q

What tax did Bunge abolish in 1886?

A

Poll tax

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22
Q

How many miles of track were built in 1891?

A

17,264 miles

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23
Q

Why did Alexander III sack Bunge in 1886?

A

The collapse of the rouble

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24
Q

Who replaced Bunge as finance minister in 1887?

A

Ivan Vyshnegradskii

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25
Q

What was introduced by Vyshnegradskii which raised lots of revenue?

A

The Medele’ev tariff

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26
Q

What happened in 1891 as a result of Vyshnegradskii policies, particularly the raising of income through exporting grain?

A

1891 famine

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27
Q

INDUSTRIALISATION: NICHOLAS II

A

INDUSTRIALISATION: NICHOLAS II

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28
Q

What was the period of economic growth under Nicholas II known as?

A

The ‘Great Spurt’

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29
Q

When was Sergei Witte minister of finance for Russia?

A

1892-1903

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30
Q

What was Sergei Witte the first person in Russia to do?

A

Show total commitment to industrialisation

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31
Q

What was Witte’s ‘substitution effect’?

A

More money would be spent on industry at the expense of agriculture

32
Q

What did Witte do that was similar to Reutern?

A

He encouraged foreign experts to come to Russia

33
Q

What did Witte do in 1897?

A

He placed the rouble on the gold standard

34
Q

How much did coal production increase during the ‘Great Spurt’?

A

Coal production doubled

35
Q

How much did iron and steel production increase during the ‘Great Spurt’?

A

It increased seven-fold

36
Q

How much was income from industry in 1893?

A

42 million roubles

37
Q

How much was income from industry in 1897?

A

161 million roubles

38
Q

What was the average rate of increase in industrial production under Witte?

A

7.5%

39
Q

How much did foreign capital increase every year from 1893 to 1898?

A

120%

40
Q

When was Witte sacked as minister for finance for opposing Nicholas II’s expansionist foreign policy?

A

August 1903

41
Q

How much did the Russian GNP grow every year from 1909 to 1913?

A

3.5%

42
Q

Why was Witte appointed as Prime Minister in 1905?

A

The disastrous Russo-Japanese war

43
Q

What was Russia’s GNP per capita in comparison to Britain by 1914?

A

Only 20%

44
Q

INDUSTRIALISATION: LENIN

A

INDUSTRIALISATION: LENIN

45
Q

What was introduced in November 1917 by the Bolsheviks?

A

State capitalism

46
Q

When was the Decree on Land, which divided private landholdings and handed them over to peasants?

A

November 1917

47
Q

What was formed by the Bolsheviks in December 1917?

A

The Supreme Economic Council (SEC)

48
Q

How much was coal production in 1913?

A

29 million tonnes

49
Q

How much was coal production in 1921?

A

8.9 million tonnes

50
Q

How much was the rouble worth in October 1920 in comparison to its value in 1917?

A

1%

51
Q

What % of wages were paid in kind by 1921?

A

90%

52
Q

What was war communism in simple terms?

A

State capitalism with grain requisitioning

53
Q

Why did war communism cause unrest?

A

Individuals lost the freedom to produce and sell goods as they wanted

54
Q

What was the most hated policy in war communism?

A

Grain requisitioning

55
Q

When was the New Economic Policy (NEP) announced?

A

10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party Congress in March 1921

56
Q

What did the NEP do?

A

Denationalised small-scale enterprise and saw a return to private ownership

57
Q

What did the state still control after the NEP?

A

Heavy industry

58
Q

What was the new class of entrepreneur created by the NEP?

A

NEPMEN

59
Q

How much of retail trade were NEPMEN responsible for?

A

60%

60
Q

INDUSTRIALISATION: STALIN

A

INDUSTRIALISATION: STALIN

61
Q

What is economic autarky?

A

When a nation can operate in a state of self-reliance

62
Q

Who set targets for the 5 year plans?

A

GOSPLAN

63
Q

How long was the first 5 year plan in effect?

A

2.5 years

64
Q

INDUSTRIALISATION: KHRUSHCHEV

A

INDUSTRIALISATION: KHRUSHCHEV

65
Q

What did Khrushchev focus on more than any other leader?

A

Consumer products

66
Q

How many Russian owned a washing machine by 1964?

A

1 in 77

67
Q

After how many years was the 6th 5 year plan scrapped?

A

2 years

68
Q

COMPARING STALIN AND KHRUSHCHEV INDUSTRIALISATION

A

COMPARING STALIN AND KHRUSHCHEV INDUSTRIALISATION

69
Q

How many million tonnes of oil were produced in 1940? *Or 1940 5 year plan (not clear)

A

31 million tonnes

70
Q

How many tonnes of oil were produced in 1960?

A

148 million tonnes

71
Q

How many tonnes of coal were produced in 1940?

A

166 million tonnes

72
Q

How many tonnes of coal was produced in 1960?

A

510 million tonnes

73
Q

How many tonnes of steel were produced in 1940?

A

18 million tonnes

74
Q

How many tonnes of steel were produced in 1960?

A

65 million tonnes

75
Q

How many tractors were built in 1940?

A

31,600

76
Q

How many tractors were built in 1960?

A

238,000

Russia and its Rulers (35 decks)

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