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Russia and its Rulers > Chapter 2.1 - The extent of and reasons for Economic change > Flashcards

Chapter 2.1 - The extent of and reasons for Economic change Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 2.1 - the extent and reasons for economic change

A

chapter 2.1

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2
Q

Industrialisation: Alexander II
How did Alexander II think that peasant unrest could be prevented?

A

By moving rural workers into industry

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3
Q

What was A2 committed to?

A

State involvement in industry

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4
Q

What did A2 appoint as minister of finance in 1862?

A

Mikhail Reutern

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5
Q

How did Reutern believe Russia could industrialise?

A

By attracting foreign investment capital

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6
Q

What did Manchester businessman Ludwig Loop help develop?

A

The Russian textile industry

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7
Q

What were the Nobel brothers responsible for?

A

The growth of the modern oil industry around Baku in the Caucuses

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8
Q

What was the name of JJ Hughes’ business in Russia?

A

The New Russian Coal, Iron and Railmaking Company

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9
Q

What % of steel production in Russia was JJ Hughes’ company responsible for by 1900?

A

50%

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10
Q

How many miles of railway were built in 1862 and 1878?

A

1862 - 2194 miles built
1878 - 13979 miles built

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11
Q

How much did industrial output increase during Reutern’s term in office?

A

It doubled

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12
Q

What was the average annual growth rate under Reutern?

A

6%

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13
Q

What % of railways were in private hands by 1880?

A

94%

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14
Q

What did not affect Russia in the 1870s?`

A

The economic depression in Europe

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15
Q

Industrialisation: Alexander III
Who were the two finance ministers under Alexander III?

A
  • Nikolay Bunge (1882-86)
  • Ivan Vyshnegradskii (1887-1892)
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16
Q

What unfair taxes were abolished in 1881 and 1886 respectively?

A
  • Salt tax abolished in 1881
  • Poll tax abolished in 1886
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17
Q

When was the Peasant Land Bank set up to lend money to peasants to buy land cheaply?

A

1883

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18
Q

How much of the railways had been bought back by 1911?

A

69%

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19
Q

Why was Nikolay Bunge sacked in 1886?

A

The rouble collapsed

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20
Q

Who was appointed finance minister in 1887?

A

Ivan Vyshnegradskii

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21
Q

What was introduced in 1891 which raised lots of revenue?

A

The Medele’ev tariff

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22
Q

What did this tariff do?

A

Export grain out of Russia

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23
Q

How many people died in the 1891 famine caused by this tariff?

A

500,000

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24
Q

Industrialisation: Nicholas II
What happened to the rouble in 1897?

A

It was placed on the gold standard

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25
Q

What did Witte insist that most investment go towards?

A

Heavy industry

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26
Q

What was the effect of increased industrial action called?

A

The ‘Great Spurt’

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27
Q

How much did coal production increase?

A

Production doubled

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28
Q

How much did steel production increase?

A

Increased 7 fold

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29
Q

How many miles of railway track were opened in 1891 and 1901?

A

1891 - 17,264 miles opened
1901 - 31,135 miles opened

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30
Q

What was the average growth in capital from abroad per year from 1893 to 1898?

A

120%

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31
Q

How much did income from industry increase from 1893 to 1897?

A

1893 - 42 million roubles
1897 - 161 million roubles

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32
Q

How much did Russian GDP grow on average per year?

A

7.5%

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33
Q

When was Witte sacked as Minister for Finance?

A

1903

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34
Q

Why did Nicholas II sack Witte?

A

He opposed Nicholas II’s aggressive foreign policy

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35
Q

What happened which led to Witte being appointed Prime Minister in 1905?

A

The disastrous Russo-Japanese war

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36
Q

How much did GNP grow every year from 1909 to 1913?

A

3.5%

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37
Q

What was Russia’s GDP as a % of Britain’s in 1911?

A

20%

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38
Q

What happened to the Russian economy in WW1?

A

The economy collapsed

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39
Q

How much did the government spend in 1913?

A

1.5 billion roubles

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40
Q

How much did the war cost in 1916?

A

3 billion roubles

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41
Q

How much did prices rise from 1914 to 1917?

A

400%

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42
Q

Industralisation: Lenin
When was state capitalism introduced?

A

November 1917

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43
Q

What were the 2 decrees issued by the Bolsheviks in 1917 and 1918?

A
  • November 1917 Decree on Land
  • November 1918 Decree on Worker’s Control
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44
Q

When did the government say the economy could be handed from the state to the workers?

A

When it was ‘safe’

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45
Q

What did the November 1917 Decree on Land do?

A

It divided private landholdings that were handed over to the peasants

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46
Q

What did the November 1918 Decree on Workers’ Control do?

A

It gave Workers’ Committees extra power to run factories

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47
Q

What was formed in December 1917?

A

The Supreme Economic Council (SEC)

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48
Q

What was the role of the Supreme Economic Council?

A

To manage key industries that had been nationalised

49
Q

How many employees had to be in a business for it to be nationalised?

A

10 employees

50
Q

How many businesses had been nationalised by 1920?

A

30,000

51
Q

What nullified any positive impact state capitalism may have had?

A

The Russian Civil War

52
Q

What was coal production in 1921 in comparison to 1913?

A

1913 - 29 million tonnes
1921 - 8.9 million tonnes

53
Q

What was the value of the rouble in October 1920 in comparison to 1917?

A

1%

54
Q

How much of all wages were paid in ‘kind’?

A

90%

55
Q

What was war communism?

A

State capitalism with grain requisitioning

56
Q

Why did war communism cause unrest?

A

Individuals lost freedom to produce and sell goods they wanted

57
Q

What did Lenin replace war communism with?

A

The New Economic Policy (NEP)

58
Q

What did the NEP do?

A

The NEP de-nationalised small-scale enterprise and returned private ownership

59
Q

What did the state still control after the NEP?

A

Heavy industry

60
Q

What ended in the NEP?

A

Grain requisitioning

61
Q

What was the new class of entrepreneur as a result of the NEP called?

A

NEPMEN

62
Q

How much of retail trade were NEPMEN responsible for?

A

60%

63
Q

When did Stalin scrap the NEP and what was introduced?

A

Scrapped in 1929 and ‘The Great Turn’ was introduced

64
Q

Industrialisation: Stalin
What were Stalin’s two main economic goals?

A
  1. Make Russian an economic force to compete with the West
  2. Prepare Russia for potential conflict with its capitalist enemies
65
Q

What is economic autarky?

A

When a nation can operate in a state of self-reliance

66
Q

Who set the targets for the five year plans?

A

The State Planning Department (GOSPLAN)

67
Q

What were the four initial commissariats?

A
  • Heavy industry
  • Light industry
  • Timber
  • Food
68
Q

How many commissariats were there by the 3rd five year plan?

A

20

69
Q

When was the first five year plan introduced and when was it scrapped?

A

Spring 1929, scrapped in December 1932

70
Q

How much did oil production rise from 1928 to 1940?

A

1928 - 11.6 million tonnes
1940 - 31.1 million tonnes

71
Q

How much did electricity increase from 1928 to 1940?

A

1928 - 5 million kilowatt-hours
1940 - 48.3 million kilowatt-hours

72
Q

How many tractors were produced in 1928 and 1940?

A

1928 - 1300 tractors
1940 - 31,660 tractors

73
Q

Industralisation: Khrushchev
What did Khrushchev focus on?

A

New industries and consumer goods

74
Q

How many Russian owned a washing machine by 1964?

A

1 in 77 (1 in 1000 in 1955)

75
Q

What did the 5th five year plan waste lots of money on?

A

Hydroelectric schemes that failed

76
Q

Agriculture: Alexander II
When were serfs owned by the state freed?

A

1866

77
Q

What were the conditions on redemption payments?

A

49 years at 6% per annum interest rate

78
Q

What event suggested that the Emancipation Edict was not a success?

A

The Bezdna Revolt

79
Q

Agriculture: Alexander III
What was introduced in 1889 to help control the peasants?

A

Land Captains

80
Q

What did Alexander III blame the 1891 famine on?

A

Poor farming techniques by the peasants

81
Q

What were the peasants considered to be?

A

‘Resentful, indolent, disrespectful, unruly and intoxicated’

82
Q

Agriculture: Nicholas II
When did rural unrest peak under Nicholas II?

A

1905 to 1907

83
Q

Who was appointed Prime Minister in 1906 to revamp government policy over land distribution?

A

Stolypin

84
Q

What did Stolypin aim to use land redistribution to do?

A

To strengthen the class of the ‘best’ peasants

85
Q

What was unused land made available to?

A

The Peasant Land Bank

86
Q

What were peasants given the right to do with their land?

A

Consolidate it into smallholdings

87
Q

How many peasants had left their village communes for cities by 1914?

A

About 2 million

88
Q

Agriculture: Provisional Government
When was there widespread unrest under the Prov govt?

A

October 1917

89
Q

What happened in the October Revolution regarding peasants?

A
  • Many houses looted and burnt down
  • Land owners attacked and killed
  • Peasants occupied private land and claimed it
90
Q

Agriculture: Lenin
What did the Bolsheviks promise?

A

‘Peace, Bread and Land’

91
Q

What did the Bolsheviks claim about themselves?

A

That they were the party representing the interests of workers and peasants

92
Q

What was issued by the Bolsheviks which abolished private property?

A

November 1917 Decree on Land

93
Q

Who did land belong to rather than the peasants?

A

The state

94
Q

What did the Cheka enforce and who did they execute?

A

Enforced grain requisitioning, executed those considered ‘kulaks’

95
Q

Who was blamed for food shortages?

A

Kulaks

96
Q

What were the Cheka used to unleash?

A

‘Class war’

97
Q

What happened to peasants during the Civil War?

A

Peasants were forcibly conscripted into the Red Army

98
Q

Agriculture: Stalin
What would happen to kulaks under Stalin?

A

Their houses would be stripped bare and their personal belongings would be confiscated and sold

99
Q

How many kulaks families were deported to Siberia from 1928 to 1930?

A

1 to 3 million families (6-18 million people)

100
Q

Roughly how many kulaks were shot?

A

30,000

101
Q

What did Stalinists see de-kulakisation as?

A

‘Class war in the countryside’

102
Q

What did collectivisation under Stalin involve?

A

Bringing a number of small farm units together to form bigger farms

103
Q

What prompted Stalin to push for mass collectivisation?

A

The famine of 1927-28

104
Q

What was Stalin motivated to create?

A

‘Socialism in the countryside’

105
Q

What did Stalin view kulaks as?

A

Bourgeois and anti-revolutionary

106
Q

What % of households did Stalin claim had been collectivised? (March 1930)

A

58% (exaggeration)

107
Q

How much did the population of Kazakhstan drop as a result of collectivisation?

A

75%

108
Q

What % of peasants lived on a collectivised farm by 1937?

A

93%

109
Q

What % of peasants lived on a collectivised farm by 1941?

A

98%

110
Q

When was the mir abolished?

A

1930

111
Q

How many people were killed in the famine of 1932-34?

A

7 million people

112
Q

Agriculture: Khrushchev
What was Khrushchev focused on in regards to agriculture?

A

The improvement of organisation of agricultural production

113
Q

Where was there a riot over food shortages?

A

Novocherkassk

114
Q

How many Novocherkassk protestors were executed by the KGB?

A

23

115
Q

When was the Virgin Land Campaign introduced?

A

1954

116
Q

How many acres were given over for the production of wheat in 1950?

A

96 million acres

117
Q

How many acres were given over for the production of wheat in 1964?

A

165 million acres

118
Q

How much did grain production fall as a result of the disastrous harvest of 1963?

A

140 million tonnes to 107 million tonnes

Russia and its Rulers (35 decks)

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