Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Education Flashcards
EDUCATION: ALEXANDER II
EDUCATION: ALEXANDER II
What was the most common type of school before 1864?
Church schools
What % of army recruits were literate by the mid-1860s?
7%
When did Alexander II introduce major education reform?
1864
What did Alexander II create in 1864 to administrate education, which was run by the Zemstva?
School boards
Who dominated the school boards?
Clergy, nobility and government officials
When Alexander II take away some authority of the Zemstva?
1870
Who did Alexander II give power to in regards to education in 1870?
Education minister Dmitri Tolstoy
When did the ministry of education have total control of education under the reign of Alexander II?
1877
How much did the number of students in secondary school increase from 1855 to 1865?
Doubled
Why did Dmitri Tolstoy manipulate the curriculum and university entrance exam?
So that middle classes were virtually excluded from tertiary education
How many schools were there in Russia by 1880?
23,000
What type of new school did Alexander II create?
The ‘real’ gymnasia
What were students at St Petersburg accused of in 1861?
Sedition (anti-tsarist activity)
What did an 1863 statute give to universities?
More autonomy
EDUCATION: ALEXANDER III
EDUCATION: ALEXANDER III
What did Alexander III do in regards to secondary schools?
He banned lower class children from attending secondary schools
What did Alexander III scrap in regards to universities?
He scrapped elections to university councils
What did Alexander III replace elections to university councils with?
Appointments
EDUCATION: NICHOLAS II
EDUCATION: NICHOLAS II
What did the first Duma announce under Nicholas II?
A plan for universal primary education to be achived by 1922
What % of the primary school population attended school by 1914?
51%
How many students attended how many universities by 1900?
16,500 students at 9 universities
What was made illegal at universities under Stolypin?
Non-academic meetings
What was made illegal at universities under Stolypin?
Non-academic meetings
EDUCATION: LENIN
EDUCATION: LENIN
Who had total control of all educational institutions under Lenin?
Lunacharsky, the first commissar for education
What type of schools did the Bolsheviks scrap as it was deemed ‘bourgeois’?
Gymnasia
What did the Bolsheviks replace the gymnasia with?
Polytechnics
What did Lenin issue in 1919 which required all illiterate people between the ages of 8-50 to learn to read and write?
Decree on illiteracy
EDUCATION: STALIN
EDUCATION: STALIN
What did Stalin make compulsory in 1930?
Primary school attendance
How many pupils attended primary school in 1929?
8 million
How many pupils attended primary school in 1930?
18 million
What was no longer taught under the communists?
Religious scriptures
What type of education was there a great emphasis on under Stalin?
Vocational education
How many pupils were attending secondary school in 1931?
2.5 million
How many pupils were attending secondary school in 1932?
6.9 million
EDUCATION: KHRUSHCHEV
EDUCATION: KHRUSHCHEV
What type of school did Khrushchev revert to?
Polytechnic model
What did Khrushchev scrap?
All school fees
Why were history books ‘rewritten’ under Khrushchev?
To reflect the disengagement from the Stalinist past
