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Russia and its Rulers > Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Education > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Education Flashcards

1
Q

EDUCATION: ALEXANDER II

A

EDUCATION: ALEXANDER II

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2
Q

What was the most common type of school before 1864?

A

Church schools

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3
Q

What % of army recruits were literate by the mid-1860s?

A

7%

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4
Q

When did Alexander II introduce major education reform?

A

1864

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5
Q

What did Alexander II create in 1864 to administrate education, which was run by the Zemstva?

A

School boards

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6
Q

Who dominated the school boards?

A

Clergy, nobility and government officials

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7
Q

When Alexander II take away some authority of the Zemstva?

A

1870

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8
Q

Who did Alexander II give power to in regards to education in 1870?

A

Education minister Dmitri Tolstoy

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9
Q

When did the ministry of education have total control of education under the reign of Alexander II?

A

1877

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10
Q

How much did the number of students in secondary school increase from 1855 to 1865?

A

Doubled

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11
Q

Why did Dmitri Tolstoy manipulate the curriculum and university entrance exam?

A

So that middle classes were virtually excluded from tertiary education

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12
Q

How many schools were there in Russia by 1880?

A

23,000

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13
Q

What type of new school did Alexander II create?

A

The ‘real’ gymnasia

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14
Q

What were students at St Petersburg accused of in 1861?

A

Sedition (anti-tsarist activity)

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15
Q

What did an 1863 statute give to universities?

A

More autonomy

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16
Q

EDUCATION: ALEXANDER III

A

EDUCATION: ALEXANDER III

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17
Q

What did Alexander III do in regards to secondary schools?

A

He banned lower class children from attending secondary schools

18
Q

What did Alexander III scrap in regards to universities?

A

He scrapped elections to university councils

19
Q

What did Alexander III replace elections to university councils with?

A

Appointments

20
Q

EDUCATION: NICHOLAS II

A

EDUCATION: NICHOLAS II

21
Q

What did the first Duma announce under Nicholas II?

A

A plan for universal primary education to be achived by 1922

22
Q

What % of the primary school population attended school by 1914?

A

51%

23
Q

How many students attended how many universities by 1900?

A

16,500 students at 9 universities

24
Q

What was made illegal at universities under Stolypin?

A

Non-academic meetings

25
Q

What was made illegal at universities under Stolypin?

A

Non-academic meetings

26
Q

EDUCATION: LENIN

A

EDUCATION: LENIN

27
Q

Who had total control of all educational institutions under Lenin?

A

Lunacharsky, the first commissar for education

28
Q

What type of schools did the Bolsheviks scrap as it was deemed ‘bourgeois’?

A

Gymnasia

29
Q

What did the Bolsheviks replace the gymnasia with?

A

Polytechnics

30
Q

What did Lenin issue in 1919 which required all illiterate people between the ages of 8-50 to learn to read and write?

A

Decree on illiteracy

31
Q

EDUCATION: STALIN

A

EDUCATION: STALIN

32
Q

What did Stalin make compulsory in 1930?

A

Primary school attendance

33
Q

How many pupils attended primary school in 1929?

A

8 million

34
Q

How many pupils attended primary school in 1930?

A

18 million

35
Q

What was no longer taught under the communists?

A

Religious scriptures

36
Q

What type of education was there a great emphasis on under Stalin?

A

Vocational education

37
Q

How many pupils were attending secondary school in 1931?

A

2.5 million

38
Q

How many pupils were attending secondary school in 1932?

A

6.9 million

39
Q

EDUCATION: KHRUSHCHEV

A

EDUCATION: KHRUSHCHEV

40
Q

What type of school did Khrushchev revert to?

A

Polytechnic model

41
Q

What did Khrushchev scrap?

A

All school fees

42
Q

Why were history books ‘rewritten’ under Khrushchev?

A

To reflect the disengagement from the Stalinist past

Russia and its Rulers (35 decks)

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