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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things does the classification of tumours depend on?

A
  • Region found

- Benign or malignant

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2
Q

What is the name given to benign glandular tumours?

A

Adenoma

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3
Q

What is the name given to malignant glandular tumours?

A

Adeno-carcinoma

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4
Q

What is the name given to benign squamous tumours?

A

Squamous papilloma

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5
Q

What is the name given to malignant tumours?

A

Squamous carcinoma

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6
Q

What is the name given to benign bone tumours?

A

Osteoma

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7
Q

What is the name given to malignant bone tumours?

A

Osteo-sarcoma

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8
Q

What is the name given to benign fat tumours?

A

Lipoma

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9
Q

What is the name given to malignant fat tumours?

A

Lipo-sarcoma

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10
Q

What is the name given to benign fibrous tissue tumours?

A

Fibroma

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11
Q

What is the name given to malignant fibrous tissue tumours?

A

Fibro-sarcoma

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12
Q

What is the name given to malignant white blood cell tumours?

A

Leukaemia

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13
Q

What is the name given to malignant lymphoid tissue tumours?

A

Lymphoma

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14
Q

What is the name given to germ cell tumours?

A

Teratomas

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15
Q

Which teratomas are usually benign?

A

Ovarian

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16
Q

Which teratomas are usually malignant?

A

Testicular

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17
Q

What is the difference in growth pattern between benign and malignant tumours?

A 
Benign = non invasive
Malignant = invasive
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18
Q

What differs with regards to the capsule in benign and malignant tumours?

A
  • Benign have an intact capsule

- Malignant have no capsule/capsule breached

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19
Q

Whats the difference between cell functionality of malignant and benign tumours?

A 
Benign = similar to normal cells
Malignant = lost function
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20
Q

What are the 4 properties of cancer cells? (AG AC AF I)

A
  • Altered genetics
  • Altered cellular function
  • Abnormal structure
  • Independent growth
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21
Q

What are the 4 ways cancer can spread around the body?

A
  • Local
  • Lymphatic
  • Blood
  • Trans-coleomic
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22
Q

Describe local spread

A
  • Malignant tumour invades surround connective tissue
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23
Q

Describe lymphatic spread

A
  • Tumour cells adhere to blood vessels

- Penetrate them and pass to lymph nodes forming a metastasis

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24
Q

Describe blood spread

A
  • Tumour cells invade blood, forms metastasis in secondary tissue
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25
Describe trans-coelomic spread
- Spread across body cavities | - E.g. pleural space, peritoneal
26
Name the 5 most common metastatic sites
- Brain - Liver - Bone - Lung - Adrenal glands
27
What are the local effects of benign tumours?
- Pressure | - Obstruction
28
What are the local effects of malignant tumours?
- Pressure - Obstruction - Tissue destruction - Bleeding - Pain - Effects of treatment
29
What can tissue destruction by malignancy result in
- Infection | - Ulceration
30
What can local bleeding result in?
- Haemorrhage | - Anaemia
31
How do tumours cause pain?
Pressure on nerves
32
What are the 3 systemic effects of cancer?
- Secretion of hormones - Weight loss (cachexia) - Effects of treatment
33
What is cachexia?
General wasting
34
What is dysplasia?
A pre malignant change
35
What does dysplasia indicate?
The tumour is going to become malignant
36
What is the name of the dysplasic tumour?
Neoplasm
37
What happens to a neoplasm if left untreated?
- Becomes malignant
38
What are the features of intra-epithelial neoplasia?
- Disorganisation of cells - Increased nuclear size - Increased mitotic activity - Abnormal mitosis - No invasion
39
What is the cell cycle?
The time between mitotic divisions
40
What are the stages of the cell cycle in order?
- G1 (and G0) - S - G2 - M
41
What is carcinogenesis?
Production of cancer cells caused by the mutation of genetic material
42
Which genes usually result in cancer if they have mutations in them?
Those important in regulation of the cell cycle
43
What are the two most common pathways that mutate to result in cancer?
- Cyclin pRb pathway | - P53
44
What is the role of pRb in the cell cycle?
- It acts as the breaks | - Slows down growth and proliferation
45
What does a mutation in pRb cause?
No brakes so the cell continues to grow and proliferate
46
What is the normal role of P53?
- Maintaining the genome
47
When does P53 stop the cell cycle?
- When the cell is damaged | - It tries to repair the DNA
48
What happens if the DNA is severely damaged?
- P53 triggers apoptosis
49
What do mutations in P53 cause?
The cell cycle to continue regardless of the damage
50
What are the 4 major aetiological agents of cancer?
- Hereditary/inherited dispositions - Proto-oncogenes becoming oncogenes - Viruses - Chemicals
51
What are examples of cancers caused by viruses?
- HPV-1 causes cervical cancer - Hep B causes liver cancer - Epstein-Barr causes Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma
52
What is required mutation wise to result in a malignant tumour
Multiple mutations
53
Describe the multi mutation pathway of the formation of a malignant cancer
- Normal cell exposed to carcinogenic factors - DNA damage and genomic mutations - Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes - OR activation of oncogenes - Cell cycle dysregulation occurs - Malignant neoplasm forms
54
How do MRI's work?
- Magnetic fields make protons in the body to spin in the same direction - Radiofrequency pulse distorts the protons - Pictures taken when the protons "relax" back into their original positions
55
What are the advantages of MRI contrast agents?
- Good bone/soft tissue detail
56
What systems can be viewed under MRI
- Vessels - Cardiac - Brain - Spine - Musculoskeletal system
57
What are the disadvantages to MRI's
- Claustrophobic and loud | - Cannot image patients with a pacemaker or prosthetics (pins)
58
What is an example of an MRI contrast?
Galdolinium DPTA
59
What is staging in cancer?
- WHERE the cancer is - WHAT stage the cancer is at - Takes several factors in to account to help assess local/distant spread - Indicates prognosis
60
What does staging allow?
Prognosis
61
What are the 5 aspects of staging?
- POSITION of tumour - PENETRATION depth of tumour - WHERE the tumour lies from other structures - Regional LYMPH node association - Presence of DISTANT metastases
62
What are the 5 classes of anti- cancer therapeutics?
- Alkalyting agents - Antimetabolites - Vinca alkaloids - Taxanes - Antimitotic antibodies

Principles of Disease (35 decks)

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