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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things does the classification of tumours depend on?

A
  • Region found

- Benign or malignant

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2
Q

What is the name given to benign glandular tumours?

A

Adenoma

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3
Q

What is the name given to malignant glandular tumours?

A

Adeno-carcinoma

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4
Q

What is the name given to benign squamous tumours?

A

Squamous papilloma

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5
Q

What is the name given to malignant tumours?

A

Squamous carcinoma

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6
Q

What is the name given to benign bone tumours?

A

Osteoma

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7
Q

What is the name given to malignant bone tumours?

A

Osteo-sarcoma

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8
Q

What is the name given to benign fat tumours?

A

Lipoma

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9
Q

What is the name given to malignant fat tumours?

A

Lipo-sarcoma

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10
Q

What is the name given to benign fibrous tissue tumours?

A

Fibroma

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11
Q

What is the name given to malignant fibrous tissue tumours?

A

Fibro-sarcoma

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12
Q

What is the name given to malignant white blood cell tumours?

A

Leukaemia

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13
Q

What is the name given to malignant lymphoid tissue tumours?

A

Lymphoma

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14
Q

What is the name given to germ cell tumours?

A

Teratomas

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15
Q

Which teratomas are usually benign?

A

Ovarian

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16
Q

Which teratomas are usually malignant?

A

Testicular

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17
Q

What is the difference in growth pattern between benign and malignant tumours?

A 
Benign = non invasive
Malignant = invasive
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18
Q

What differs with regards to the capsule in benign and malignant tumours?

A
  • Benign have an intact capsule

- Malignant have no capsule/capsule breached

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19
Q

Whats the difference between cell functionality of malignant and benign tumours?

A 
Benign = similar to normal cells
Malignant = lost function
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20
Q

What are the 4 properties of cancer cells? (AG AC AF I)

A
  • Altered genetics
  • Altered cellular function
  • Abnormal structure
  • Independent growth
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21
Q

What are the 4 ways cancer can spread around the body?

A
  • Local
  • Lymphatic
  • Blood
  • Trans-coleomic
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22
Q

Describe local spread

A
  • Malignant tumour invades surround connective tissue
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23
Q

Describe lymphatic spread

A
  • Tumour cells adhere to blood vessels

- Penetrate them and pass to lymph nodes forming a metastasis

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24
Q

Describe blood spread

A
  • Tumour cells invade blood, forms metastasis in secondary tissue
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25
Q

Describe trans-coelomic spread

A
  • Spread across body cavities

- E.g. pleural space, peritoneal

26
Q

Name the 5 most common metastatic sites

A
  • Brain
  • Liver
  • Bone
  • Lung
  • Adrenal glands
27
Q

What are the local effects of benign tumours?

A
  • Pressure

- Obstruction

28
Q

What are the local effects of malignant tumours?

A
  • Pressure
  • Obstruction
  • Tissue destruction
  • Bleeding
  • Pain
  • Effects of treatment
29
Q

What can tissue destruction by malignancy result in

A
  • Infection

- Ulceration

30
Q

What can local bleeding result in?

A
  • Haemorrhage

- Anaemia

31
Q

How do tumours cause pain?

A

Pressure on nerves

32
Q

What are the 3 systemic effects of cancer?

A
  • Secretion of hormones
  • Weight loss (cachexia)
  • Effects of treatment
33
Q

What is cachexia?

A

General wasting

34
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A pre malignant change

35
Q

What does dysplasia indicate?

A

The tumour is going to become malignant

36
Q

What is the name of the dysplasic tumour?

A

Neoplasm

37
Q

What happens to a neoplasm if left untreated?

A
  • Becomes malignant
38
Q

What are the features of intra-epithelial neoplasia?

A
  • Disorganisation of cells
  • Increased nuclear size
  • Increased mitotic activity
  • Abnormal mitosis
  • No invasion
39
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The time between mitotic divisions

40
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle in order?

A
  • G1 (and G0)
  • S
  • G2
  • M
41
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Production of cancer cells caused by the mutation of genetic material

42
Q

Which genes usually result in cancer if they have mutations in them?

A

Those important in regulation of the cell cycle

43
Q

What are the two most common pathways that mutate to result in cancer?

A
  • Cyclin pRb pathway

- P53

44
Q

What is the role of pRb in the cell cycle?

A
  • It acts as the breaks

- Slows down growth and proliferation

45
Q

What does a mutation in pRb cause?

A

No brakes so the cell continues to grow and proliferate

46
Q

What is the normal role of P53?

A
  • Maintaining the genome
47
Q

When does P53 stop the cell cycle?

A
  • When the cell is damaged

- It tries to repair the DNA

48
Q

What happens if the DNA is severely damaged?

A
  • P53 triggers apoptosis
49
Q

What do mutations in P53 cause?

A

The cell cycle to continue regardless of the damage

50
Q

What are the 4 major aetiological agents of cancer?

A
  • Hereditary/inherited dispositions
  • Proto-oncogenes becoming oncogenes
  • Viruses
  • Chemicals
51
Q

What are examples of cancers caused by viruses?

A
  • HPV-1 causes cervical cancer
  • Hep B causes liver cancer
  • Epstein-Barr causes Burkitt’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma
52
Q

What is required mutation wise to result in a malignant tumour

A

Multiple mutations

53
Q

Describe the multi mutation pathway of the formation of a malignant cancer

A
  • Normal cell exposed to carcinogenic factors
  • DNA damage and genomic mutations
  • Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes
  • OR activation of oncogenes
  • Cell cycle dysregulation occurs
  • Malignant neoplasm forms
54
Q

How do MRI’s work?

A
  • Magnetic fields make protons in the body to spin in the same direction
  • Radiofrequency pulse distorts the protons
  • Pictures taken when the protons “relax” back into their original positions
55
Q

What are the advantages of MRI contrast agents?

A
  • Good bone/soft tissue detail
56
Q

What systems can be viewed under MRI

A
  • Vessels
  • Cardiac
  • Brain
  • Spine
  • Musculoskeletal system
57
Q

What are the disadvantages to MRI’s

A
  • Claustrophobic and loud

- Cannot image patients with a pacemaker or prosthetics (pins)

58
Q

What is an example of an MRI contrast?

A

Galdolinium DPTA

59
Q

What is staging in cancer?

A
  • WHERE the cancer is
  • WHAT stage the cancer is at
  • Takes several factors in to account to help assess local/distant spread
  • Indicates prognosis
60
Q

What does staging allow?

A

Prognosis

61
Q

What are the 5 aspects of staging?

A
  • POSITION of tumour
  • PENETRATION depth of tumour
  • WHERE the tumour lies from other structures
  • Regional LYMPH node association
  • Presence of DISTANT metastases
62
Q

What are the 5 classes of anti- cancer therapeutics?

A
  • Alkalyting agents
  • Antimetabolites
  • Vinca alkaloids
  • Taxanes
  • Antimitotic antibodies

Principles of Disease (35 decks)

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