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Principles of Disease > Chromosomes and Cell Division > Flashcards

Chromosomes and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tops of chromosome arms called?

A

Telomeres

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2
Q

What is euchromatin?

A
  • Less dense

- Expressed DNA

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3
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A
  • More dense

- Suppressed DNA

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4
Q

How is DNA packaged in a protein?

A

Wrapped around histone proteins

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5
Q

What does the combination of DNA and histone proteins being wrapped around each other produce?

A

Nucleosomes

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6
Q

What are the 6 stages of mitosis

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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7
Q

What 3 things happen at prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • Spindle fibres form
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8
Q

What 3 things happen at metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
  • Spindle fibres attach at centriole
  • Maximum condensation of chromosomes
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9
Q

What 3 things happen at anaphase?

A
  • Sister chromatids separate at centromere
  • Separate longitudinally
  • Move to opposite ends of the cell
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10
Q

What 2 things happen at telophase?

A
  • New nuclear membrane forms

- Each pole has 46 chromosomes

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11
Q

What happens at cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm separates

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12
Q

What are 2 examples of an extragenic sequence?

A
  • A tandemly repeated DNA sequence

- Highly repeated interspaced DNA sequences

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13
Q

What is the charge of histone proteins?

A

Positive

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14
Q

How many base pairs and histones make a nucleosome?

A
  • 146 base pairs

- 8 histones

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15
Q

What DNA links histones together?

A

Linker DNA

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16
Q

What structure is formed by the packaging of nucleosomes?

A

Solenoid

17
Q

What is the point of DNA packaging with histones? (3 points)

A
  • Histones positive so neutralise negative DNA
  • DNA takes up less space
  • Inactive DNA can be packaged away
18
Q

What is the karyotype?

A

Number and appearance of chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell

19
Q

What does metacentric mean?

A

Where the centromere is in the middle of the chromosome

20
Q

What does sub-metacentric mean?

A

Centromere is on one half of the chromosome

21
Q

What does acrocentric mean?

A

Centromere is almost at 1 end of the chromosome

22
Q

What does FISH stand for

A

Fluorescent in Situ Hybridisation

23
Q

What is the process of FISH

A
  • Take a fragment of the DNA sequence you are interested in
  • Labelled using a fluorescent dye
  • Denature DNA in cell of interest
  • Fluorescent marker then binds to target sequence, shows up under light
24
Q

What else can be labelled using a FISH technique?

A

Telomeres

Principles of Disease (35 decks)

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