Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Question 1

Bactericidal

Answer 1

Will kill the bacteria (penicillins)

Question 2

Bacteristatic

Answer 2

Will halt the bacteria’s growth (erythromycin)

Question 3

Sensitive

Answer 3

Bacteria can be stopped or killed by the drug

Question 4

Resistant

Answer 4

Bacteria will not be stopped or killed by the drug

Question 5

MIC

Answer 5

Minimal inhibitory conc - minimum conc of antimicrobial needed to inhibit the growth

Question 6

MBC

Answer 6

Maximum bactericidal conc - level of antimicrobial needed to kill the bacteria

Question 7

Parenteral administration?

Answer 7

• IV

- Intramuscular

Question 8

3 mechanisms of antibiotic action?

Answer 8

• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
• Inhibition of protein synthesis
• Inhibition of nucleic acid reproduction

Question 9

What are the b-lactams

Answer 9

• Penicillins

- Cephalosporins

Question 10

How do B-lactams work

Answer 10

• Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

- Inhibit the enzymes

Question 11

What are the proteins called that synthesis peptidoglycan?

Answer 11

• Penicillin binding proteins

Question 12

What enzymes actually kill the bacteria when cell wall synthesis stops?

Answer 12

Autolytic enzymes

Question 13

Why are many gram negative bacteria resistant to penicillin?

Answer 13

Gram negative wall is impermeable

Question 14

What are vancomycin and teicoplanin examples of?

Answer 14

Glycopeptides

Question 15

What is the difference between glycopeptides and b-lactams

Answer 15

Glycopeptides act on a different stage of cell wall synthesis

Question 16

What do glycopeptides only work against

Answer 16

Gram positive

Question 17

Why is vancomycin dodgy

Answer 17

Toxic as fuck

Question 18

How do aminoglycosides work

Answer 18

Inhibit protein synthesis

Question 19

e.g. of an aminoglycoside?

Answer 19

Gentamicin

Question 20

How are aminoglycosides administered?

Answer 20

IV

Question 21

Why do aminoglycosides require constant monitoring

Answer 21

Can be very toxic

Question 22

How do macrolides and tetracyclides work?

Answer 22

Inhibit protein synthesis

Question 23

Macrolides

Answer 23

• Erythromycin

- Clarythromycin

Question 24

What are macrolides good against

Answer 24

• Gram positive

Question 25

Oxazolidinones

Answer 25

- Inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 26

Example of an oxazolidinone?

Answer 26

Linezolid

Question 27

Linezolid acts good on?

Answer 27

MRSA

Question 28

What is daptomycin an example of?

Answer 28

Cyclic lipopeptide

Question 29

What 2 antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 29

- Trimethoprim | - Sulphamethoxazole

Question 30

What synthesis do trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole inhibit?

Answer 30

Purine synthesis

Question 31

What is trimethoprim used to treat

Answer 31

UTI's

Question 32

What is co-trimoxazole used to treat

Answer 32

Chest infections

Question 33

What is another class of antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 33

Fluoroquinolones

Question 34

Example of a fluoroquinolone?

Answer 34

Ciprofloxacin

Question 35

What are fluoroquinolones used against?

Answer 35

Gram negative including pseudomonas

Question 36

What do newer quinolones have an effect against?

Answer 36

Gram positive

Question 37

Who can ciprofloxacin not be used on

Answer 37

Children

Question 38

What are the 5 resistance mechanisms in bacteria

Answer 38

- Inherited - Acquired - B- lactamase production - Alteration of penicillin binding sites - Glycopeptide resistance

Question 39

What is inherent resistance

Answer 39

- Some bacteria are just naturally resistant to antibiotic types - Example streptococci are always resistant to aminoglycosides

Question 40

What is always resistant to vancomycin?

Answer 40

Gram negative organisms

Question 41

What is used to establish if a bacteria shows acquired resistance?

Answer 41

Lab testing

Question 42

What are the 2 basic ways that resistance is acquired?

Answer 42

- Aspontaneous mutation | - Horizontal gene transfer

Question 43

What is a b-lactamase resistant antibiotic that can be used to treat resistant types?

Answer 43

Flucloxacillin

Question 44

What does ESBL stand for?

Answer 44

Extended spectrum beta lactamases

Question 45

What cocci are resistant to vancomycin?

Answer 45

Some enterococci

Question 46

What are some rare other mechanisms to resistance?

Answer 46

- Blocking the drug from entering the cell | - Actively transporting it out

Question 47

List 4 adverse reactions to antibiotics

Answer 47

- Allergic - GI tract problems - Liver toxicity - Thrush - UTI's

Question 48

What bacteria can cause the GI problems?

Answer 48

C. Diff

Question 49

How do you treat C. Diff?

Answer 49

Oral vancomycin

Question 50

What antimicrobial therapy usually results in thrush?

Answer 50

- B lactams | - Cephalosporins

Question 51

What are the 4 anti fungal drugs?

Answer 51

- Polyenes - Azoles - Allylamines - Echiocandins

Question 52

How do polyenes work?

Answer 52

- Bind to ergosterol | - Increase permeability of the membrane

Question 53

What are the two polyenes currently used?

Answer 53

- Amphotericin B | - Nyastatin

Question 54

What is a problem with amphostericin B?

Answer 54

It is EXTREMELY toxic

Question 55

How is nystatin administered?

Answer 55

Topically

Question 56

How do azoles work?

Answer 56

- Inhibit synthesis of ergosterol

Question 57

What are the two types of azoles?

Answer 57

- Imidazoles | - Triazoles

Question 58

What are the two imidazoles?

Answer 58

- Miconazole | - Ketoconazole

Question 59

What are the three triazoles?

Answer 59

- Fluconazole - Itraconazole - Voriconazole

Question 60

What can flucanozole be used to treat?

Answer 60

Yeast infection

Question 61

What can itraconazole be used to treat?

Answer 61

Aspergillus | Dermatophytes

Question 62

What can voricanozole be used to treat?

Answer 62

Aspergillosis