Tumour pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the local effects malignant tumours
Pressure Obstruction Tissue destruction Bleeding Pain
What are the two forms of bleeding caused by malignant tumours
anaemia - slow blood loss
haemorrhage - major blood loss
What is an indirect effect of anaemia malignant tumours
tiredness
How is pain produced in tumours
Pressure on nerves
Bone pain from pathological fractures
Pain on nerves is due to perineural infiltration what is this?
cancer spreading to the space surrounding a nerve
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours
secretion of hormones
weight loss
What is paraneoplastic syndrome
Not direct effect from cancer cells but from humoral factors from tumour cells or by an immune response against the tumour
What is abnormal hormone production in tumours
Produced by tumour from an organ that does not normally produce hormone
What is normal hormone production in tumours
produced by tumours of endocrine organ
What is dysplasia
early stage in the development of cance (pre-malignant)
Where is dysplasia identified
in the epithelium
What are the features of dysplasia
Increased nuclear size
Increased mitotic activity
Abnormal mitoses
No invasion
Why is it important to detect cancer at early stage
Reduce/prevent morbidity/mortality
What does screening do
Try and detect dysplastic cells
Carcino - embtyonic antigen biomarker indicates what
colorectal cancer
