Antimicrobrial chemotherapy Spectrum of commonly used agents Flashcards
List the different B-lactams Penicillins
Benzyl Penicillin Amoxicillin Co-amoxiclav Flulcoxacilin Piperacillin Carbapenenms
What spectrum does Benzyl Penicillin cover and how is it taken
Largely again gram positive organisms e.g.
pneumoccal, and strep pryogenes
Gram negative exception = meningoccal
Parentally IV
When is amoxicillin the best choice and how is it taken
Strepococci
Some coliforms
Orally
What is Co-amoxiclav a combination of and what spectrum does it cover
Combination of amoxicillin and B-lactamse enzyme inhibitor (clavulanic acid)
Covers B-lactamase producing coliforms
When is flucloxacillin the first choice for treatment and why
Staphylococcal infections
as is resistant to the actions of B-Lactamase
What are resistant strains of flucoxacillin called
methicillin resistant staph aureas (MRSA)
What spectrum does Piperacillin cover, and what good
Broad spectrum including Gram negative cover - pseudomonas species
Good anti-anaerobic activity
What is the name of the combination of piperaciliin and B-lactamse inhibitor tazobactam
Tazocin
What are carbapenems and name two of them
Close relative of penicillin
Imipenem and Meropenem
What kind of spectrum does carbapenems have
Active against most bacteria including aerobes
How does the antibiotic cephalosporins activity differ in gram negative compared to gram positive bacteria
Activity against gram negative organisms increase form first generation compared to activity of gram positives decreasing in activity from first generation
What is produced from third generation of gram negative cephalosporins and first generation from gram positive cephalosporins
- = Ceftriaxone \+ = staphylococci
What does cephalosporins encourage
Clostridium difficile infection (thrush)
What is the spectrum for ahminoglycosides
Gram negative organisms Most staphlococci (gram +)
How are all ahminoglycosides taken and what is the most effective one
Parentally
Gentamicin
The two glycopeptides - Vanomysin and teicoplanin’s spectrums are
activity against only gram positive organisms (aerobic and anaerobic)
The macrolides, clarithromycin and erythromycin spectrums are
actively against gram positive organisms
When are Macrolides used
as alternative to penicillin to those allergic
What is the spectrum of Quinolones
active against nearly all gram negative organisms including pseudomonas
gram + staphylocci and streptoccoi
What is the provides the only possibility of oral therapy
of pseudomonas
Quinolones
Give an example of a new quinolone and what its active against
levofloxacin is active against pneumococci and organisms causing a typical pneumonia (treats pneumonia)
What is miscellaneous antibiotics metronidazole used to treat
c.diff
What at Metronidazoles effective against
anaerobes in both gram positive and negative
What is fusidic acid only used for
anti - staphylococcal drug
Staphylococcus aureas can develop a reistance easily to fusidic acid, so what should you do fusidic acid
Combine fusidic acid with other anti - staphylococcal drug like flucoxacillin
What is trimethoprim used in treatment of
urinary infections
What is the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole called
co-trimoxazole
What do tetracyclines inhibit and what infections can they treat
bacterial protein synthesis
Genital tract and respiratory tract
What is the only lincosamide antibiotic
clindamycin
What does clindamycin have a good activity against
Gram positive organisms - staphylococci + streptococci
and anaerobes
What is a good advantage of clindamycin
very good tissue penetration
What is linezoid active against and how can it be given
MRSA
orally
What is daptomycin is active against what
and maybe useful in in the treatment of what serious infections
gram postive bacteria
MRSA
What is fidaxomicin bactericidial working against
c. difficile
What agents are used only for the treatment of lower UTIs - antiseptic agents
Nalidixic acid
Nitrofurantoin
What is nalidixic acid only active against
gram negative aerobes coliform organisms
What is the difference of Nitrofurantoin compared to Nalidixic acid
Nitrofurantoin effective agains more gram negative organisms (excepts pseudomonas) but is also effective against some gram positive organisms
