Autonomic Nervous System (plus pharmacology of ANS and NMJ) Flashcards
1
Q
What nerves does the autonomic NS respond from
A
Efferent nerves (motor neurons)
2
Q
Whats Voluntary, somatic or autonomic
A
somatic
3
Q
Whats a ganglion
A
group of nerve cell bodies linked by synapse passing on AP O—-C O—–C
4
Q
Whats the swelling on a nerve fibre
A
Ganglion
5
Q
Somatic differences to Autonomic
A
Specialised NMJ, isotropic receptors, always excited the cell,
6
Q
What does Somatic NS always have
A
a large endplate potential
7
Q
What receptors do Autonomic NS have
A
Metabotropic
8
Q
what are Metabotropic receptors
A
G protein-coupled receptors
9
Q
What does Autonomic system split into
A
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
10
Q
Parasympathetic where does ganglia lie
A
Ganglia lies closer to target, therefore long preganglionic fibres
11
Q
Postganglionic fibre longer found in
A
Sympathetic
12
Q
Sympathetic system exits from
A
Thoriac and Lumnar regions of the spinal chord T1-12 L1-2
13
Q
White rams =
A
preganglionic fibres
14
Q
Grey rams =
A
postganglionic fibres
15
Q
Ramus
A
Communication branch
16
Q
All ganglion fibres activated at same time by
A
convergence and divergence
17
Q
ACH works on what receptors
A
cholingeric
18
Q
Examples of cholingeric receptors
A
Nicotinic and muscarnic
19
Q
Parasympathetic release what NT at preganglionic fibre on to what receptor
A
ACH on to nicotinic
20
Q
A muscarnic receptor is
A
G protein coupled
21
Q
Sympathetic post ganglionic fibre releases whats NT on to what receptor
A
Noradrenaline on to either alpha or Beta receptor
22
Q
Parasympathetic post ganglionic fibre releases whats NT on to what receptor
A
ACH on muscarnic receptors
23
Q
At a preganglionic fibre ACH is released on to what receptor into what NS
A
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
24
Q
Alpha 1 receptors cause
A
Contraction
25
Beta 2 receptors cause
Dilation
26
Noradrenaline NT only acts on what receptors
adregeneric
27
Examples of adregenric receptors
Alpha and Beta
28
Whats are Muscarnic receptors responsible for
smooth muscle
29
Parasympathetic NS exits spinal chord from
cranial
30
Sympathetic NS acts on salivary gland release what NT instead
ACH instead of noradrenaline
31
Non adregenric non cholingeric receptors (NANC) examples
Peptided and Nitric Oxide
32
Whats do NANC do
are correlated or released on their own
33
Sympathetic NS can release noradrenaline directly into (what does the show)
the blood, hormonal properties
34
Cholineric receptors are
ionotropic type receptors with an integral ion channel
35
Cillary Muscles contract in the eye, constricting pupil this is due to
ACH acting on muscarnic receptor in parasymathetic NS
36
For the Eye to focus close up
Cillary muscle contract and radial muscle dilate
37
The work of the Cillary muscle and the radial muscle in the eye is called
muscarinic anatgonist
38
Eyes Dilate and focus far away by
noradrenlaine acting on B2 to relax the lens and A1 constricting the iris, dilating pupil allowing more light in to see far away
39
What makes the heart contract
pacemaker cells depolarise
40
Whats increase heart rate
noradrenaline acting on the beta receptors
41
Parasympathetic NS has little effect on what in the heart
strength of hearts contractions
42
B2 agonsits in the lungs e.g. and function
Salbutamol, dilates airways
43
Parasympathetic NS on the eye activates and causes what to the spinchter
Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter muscle
| Contracting & makes pupil smaller
44
Parasymatheric has what effect on Blood Vessels
No effect
45
Sympathetic NS alpha receptors cause what to happen in BV
Cause smooth muscle to contract in blood vessels
46
What cause the BV to dilate and increase blood flow
Noradrenaline acting on Beta receptors
47
why due to Tonic activity does parasympathetic have little effect
means there is always an ongoing activity hence why parasympathetic has little activity e.g. smooth muscle always a little but contacted
48
Parasympathetic on the Gut
muscarnic receptors on gut wall increase gut mobility and muscarnic receptors on pancreas increase enzyme secretion
49
Single intervention means
Controlled by tonic activity
50
sympathetic system stimulates what two procedures in energy stores and increase what
glycogenolyis & gluconeogenesis
| Increases lipolysis
51
what is dual intervention
innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
52
Example of dual intervention
Salivary gland, Parasymapthetic releases watery solution whilst sympathetic releases tick secretion rich in enzymes
53
What do Beta receptors trigger in the bladder
relax smooth muscle of bladder wall, therefore reducing pressure
54
sympathetic NS alpha receptors in the bladder cause
contract smooth muscle of sphincter and prevent urinations
55
Whats controls the autonomic NS
Autonomic reflexes hypothalamus
56
examples of autonomic receptors
baroreceptors detect blood pressure then influence activity
57
What does hypothalamus do
coordinates autonomic, somatic and endocrine activity in a defence response
58
Dual Intervention of reproductive tract
sympathetic causes ejaculation as Parasympathtic causes erection
59
A dual intervention has
complimentary effects
60
How can you stop efficiency of NMJ synapse
stop the Ach being packaged into the vesicles
Block Voltage gated calcium channels
Block vesicles fusing with receptors
Competitive antagonist stop ach activating receptor
61
Whats blocks choline transport
hemicholinium
62
what does black widow spider toxin
blocks the voltage gated Ca2+ channels
63
Depolarising nicotinic receptors does what
continue to open cells, keeping cell depolorised therefore can't fire AP, (short lasting action, can cause damage)
64
Increases activity of NMJ synapse
Prolong AP,
| Block acetylcholinesterase
65
How do you prolong an AP in NMJ Synapse
Increase the number of calcium ions, increasing response
66
Whats happens when you block acetylcholinesterase
ach hangs around synaptic cleft therefore activates more receptors and increases transmissions
67
why would you want to block NMJ synapse
paralyse patients during surgery or ECT
68
Non-depolarising or depolarising blockers used for paralysis during
surgical procedures
electroconvulsive therapy
controlling spasms in tetanus
69
Botulinum toxin used for
treating muscle spasm
| cosmetic procedures
70
Anti-cholinesterases used for
treating myasthenic syndromes
reversing action of non-depolarising blockers
countering botulinum poisoning
71
what includes both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems
connections between the preganglionic and the postganglionic autonomic fibres ach--nicotinic
72
Whats receptors is present more in ganglionic receptor than NMJ receptor
nicotinic
73
what is ganglia sensitive to that blocks ach channel
hexamethoneuns
74
Why aren't there any clinical applications to modifying ganglionic transmission
as drugs would modulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic transmission, therefore producing a range of complex signals
75
whats do most therapeutically drugs target
postsynaptic muscarinic receptors
76
Muscarinic agonists and antagonists
mimic or block effects caused by parasympathetic ns
77
whats is glaucoma
raised intraocular pressure
78
alpha agonists work the same usually as
beta blockers
79
what do alpha agonists and beta blockers do in glaucoma
reduce the production of the aqueous humour fluid in the eyeball
80
For glaucoma what does a muscarinic agonist do
contract the ciliary muscle supporting the lens,contract sphincter muscle of cell and seem to open up the trabecular network so aqueous humour drains through
81
How can you manipulate postganglionic sympathetic transmission
By manipulating release of noradrenaline and adrenergic
82
How do you inhibit postsynaptic sympathetic transmissions
```
Block enzyme producing noradrenaline
Block transporter that fills vesicles
introduce a fals transmitter
Block alpha/beta postsynaptic receptors
activate inhibitory presynaptic autoreceptors
inhibit volatge gate calcium channel
```
83
What enzyme is blocked in the production of noradrenaline
dopadecarboxylase (dopa-dopamine)
84
increase efficiency of postganglionic sympathetic transmission
stimulate noradrenaline release
inhibit uptake of noradrenaline from cleft back into neurones
Activate postsynaptic receptors
85
Indirectly triggers the release noradrenaline is called
sympathomimetics
86
what does cocaine do
inhibits uptake carrier leaving noradrenaline in synpatic cleft to activate postsynaptic receptors
87
Noradrenaline breakdown
transmitter unactivated and only broken down in cells
88
what are alpha 2 agonists clinical applications
treatment of hypertension
89
what are beta2 agonists clinical applications
treatment of asthma e.g. salbutamol
90
what are alpha 1 agonists clinical applications
used as decongestants and to dilate the pupil
91
what are beta1 antagonists clinical applications
treatment of hypertension, angina and glaucoma
