Chronic Inflammation 2

Question 1

What causes granulomata Inflammation

Answer 1

indigestible antigens causing a granulomas build up in tissue and organs
Also can be due to type IV hypersensitivity

Question 2

What is granulomas

Answer 2

epithelioid macrophages in tissue

Question 3

What is a giant cells and what is its structure

Answer 3

Macrophages fused together

Large cytoplasm and multiple nuclei

Question 4

What are four examples of different types of giant cells

Answer 4

Langhans - tuberculosis
In the presence of a Foreign body
Leaked silicon implants
Warthin–Finkeldey cell - early case measles

Question 5

What is idiopathic disease

Answer 5

Diseases that we don’t know how they happened

Question 6

What may granulomas contain

Answer 6

Giant cells

Question 7

What may surround granulomas

Answer 7

Lymphocytes and Dead tissue

Question 8

Name some Infectious Granulomas diseases

Answer 8

Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Syphilis

Question 9

What is caseous necrosis and what surrounds it

Answer 9

Dead tissue

macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes

Question 10

Name some noninfectious Granulomas diseases

Answer 10

Rheumatoid disease - autoimmune pain at joints

Sarcoidosis - small patches of red and swollen tissue usually present lungs or skin

Chrons disease - inflammation of the intestine

Question 11

What conditions favour wound healing

Answer 11

cleanliness
apposition of edges (no haematoma)
sound nutrition
metabolic stability and normality
normal inflammatory and coagulation mechanisms
note local mediators

Question 12

Define an ulcer and ulceration

Answer 12

an open sore on the skin surface

eroding on the skin by an ulcer

Question 13

What are the stages of wound healing

Answer 13

phase of acute inflammation
local angiogenesis – new vessels grow
granulation tissue formation
fibrosis and scar formation

Question 14

How else can wounds heal

Answer 14

Surgically

Question 15

How are small defects surgically healed

Answer 15

by primary intention

Question 16

What is the outcome of primary intention

Answer 16

Minimal gap
Small amount of granulation tissue
Small (near invisible) linear scar

Question 17

How are large defects surgically healed

Answer 17

by secondary intention

Question 18

What are the outcomes of secondary intention

Answer 18

Greater granulation tissue growth
Contraction of skin to bring together
Forming greater and more visible scar

Question 19

What are the sequence of events in scaring

Answer 19

Injury, 
Blood clot formed by platelets 
Acute inflammation
Granulation tissue growth 
Phagocytosis of fibrin 
Fibroblasts lay down collagen 
Contraction of scar as skin pulled together 
re-epithelialisation

Question 20

What is angiogenesis

Answer 20

New vessel formation

enabling blood supply to enter damaged tissue

Question 21

What impairs wound healing

Answer 21

dirty, gaping wound, large haematoma
poorly nourished, lack of vitamins C, A
abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes, corticosteroid therapy
inhibition of angiogenesis

Question 22

What is the difference between fracture healing and normal healing

Answer 22

Granulation tissue contains OSTEOBLASTS as well as fibroblasts

Question 23

What is formed formed originally in bone healing in a fracture

Answer 23

Fibrous tissue called Callus

Question 24

What happens in callus formation

Answer 24

Osteoblasts randomly throw down fibrous tissue called callus, then angiogenesis occurs allowing reformation and trabecular and cortical bone replace callus

Question 25

What stimulated proliferation of vessels

Answer 25

Vascular endothelial growth factor released by hypoxic cells

Question 26

What is the difference between granulomas inflammation compared to other chronic inflammations

Answer 26

Is response to to antigen from an infectious pathogen, foreign body or unknown that is resistant to neutrophils,as the “first responder”