Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine Term One > Carbohydrates 2.0 > Flashcards

Carbohydrates 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Define glycolysis

A

Cellular reaction splitting glucose to produce ATP without requiring oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate
or
Lactic acid
ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Whats doe glycolysis do

A

substrate level phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gylcolysis is essential for what

A

Red blood cells

and vigorously exercising muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Whats is the two phases to glycolysis

A

preparation phase

pay of phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

For 1 Glc passing through the preparatory phase what is formed

A

2 molecules of G-3-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whats is needed at preparatory phase of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much ATP is gained at payoff phase of glycolysis

A

4ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the NET gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes phosphorylation of glucose

A

hexokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

phosphohexose isomerase catalyses what

A

G6P - fructose 6 phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is glycolysis fixed

A

when fructose 1 6 biphosphate is produced as only needed for glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what causes cleavage in glycolysis

A

highly symmetrical arranged energised molecule that makes it easy to split and from isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

After cleavage what is doubled and can only participate in glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

preparation phase ends when

A

after cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

After cleavage end products are all

A

Doubled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate produces what

A

2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase catalyses what reaction in glycolysis and produces

A

substrate-level phosphorylation reaction

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why does NAD+ need to be regenerated

A

limited supply in cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the pyruvate to lactate reaction allows

A

regeneration of NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the redox balance

A

NAD+ produced at end of glycolysis transported back to the top, always replenished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NO NAD

A

NO GLYCOLYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does limited NAD+ in the cell come from

A

niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the role of NAD+

A

reduction of intermediate metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
NADH----> NAD+ is
dehydrogenase
26
Pyruvate can be dehydrogenased to
ethanol | lactate
27
When is pyruvate converted to lactate
cells lacking O2 Vigorously exercising muscle RBC’s – lack mitochondria
28
Two enzymes catalysing pyruvate to ethanol
Pyruvate decarboxylase | Alcohol dehydrogenase
29
when pyruvate is converted to lactate what is oxidised
NADH
30
when muscles don’t receive O2 fast enough how is ATP produced
substrate-level phosphorylation
31
what are the product of substrate-level phosphorylation,
lactate
32
Lactate in converted to glucose by what process
gluconeogensis
33
The interaction between the liver and the muscle to produce ATP and lactate is called the
Cori cycle
34
Whats repays the oxygen debt to the muscles
the liver
35
In the presence of oxygen what is pyruvate oxidised to
acetyl coA
36
Where is pyruvate oxidised
mitochondria
37
Whats happens to the NADH when pyruvate is oxidised
later gives up Hion to respiratory chain
38
how many glycolysis reactions are reversible
7
39
Whats do irreversibel reactions have
large –ve ΔG
40
What is Gluconeogenesis
glucose can be generated from other non-carbohydrate molecules
41
what does Gluconeogenesis respond to
Hormone controls
42
Gluconeogenesis is not reverse glycolysis because
irreversible reactions in glycolysis is bypassed
43
Irreversible reaction in glycolysis are
DePhosphorylation and Phosphorylation reactions G + ATP ---> G6P F6P + ATP ----> phosphoenoylpyruvate +ADP ---> pyruvate and ATP
44
Glucogenesis occurs when
ATP conc is high and acetyl coA is low
45
In glucognesis pyruvate carboxylase synthesises what
pyruvate acid to oxaloacetate
46
how is oxaloacetate settled out of mitochondria
by malate
47
Muscle tissues difference in Gluconeogenesis is
lactate dehyrogenased to pyruvate first
48
what happens to G-6-P and F-1,6-bisP in Glucoeogenesis can't be phosphorylated as is energetically unfavourable
hydrolysed
49
Catalyst of bypass reactions in Glucoeogenesis
Glucose 6-phosphatase Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase pyruvate carboxylase
50
What is the end product of Glucoeogenesis and why
Glucose 6-phosphatase as traps glucose in cells
51
Where does the final step to make free glucose occur
the lumen
52
Whats happens after G-6-P is shuttled into the lumen
glucose is shuttled back into cytoplasm
53
where is most fructose metabolised
liver
54
fructose catabolised by
adipose tissue
55
what does the pentose phosphate pathway produce for all organisms
NADPH
56
pentose phosphate pathway
Converts G-6-P to a pentose phosphate (5C)
57
pentose phosphate is a precursor to
ATP, RNA and DNA
58
Whats the two parts to pentose phosphate pathway
oxidative irreversible | non-oxidative reversible
59
When is non oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway required
when lots of NADPH is needed | adipocytes generate alot of FA
60
Non oxidative phase is circular as
G-6-P can convert pentose phosphate then back to G6P
61
non reversibel oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway required when
Molecules need to be broken down | lots of nucleotides are required e.g. rapid cell division
62
When is NADP+ used for
``` anabolism from simple precursors inhibits oxygen (antioxidant) ```
63
When is NAD+ used
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
64
is NADP+ used for metabolism?
No
65
Etahnol reduces glycogenesis because
uses livers supply of NAD+
66
what is Ethanol broken down to
acetly coA
67
inhibits gluconeogenesis leads to
lacticacidaemia (increased [blood lactate]) | hypoglycaemia (decreased [blood Glc])
68
Black water fever is due to G-6-P dehydrogenase deficiency what does this cause
low RBC NADPH levels | damaging free radicals and H2O2 to build up so damages the RBC membranes
69
Overproduction of PEP is called
PEPCK
70
what does PEPCK cause
produces an overload of energy
71
what is the common metabolic pathway for all “fuel” molecules
Citric acid cycle
72
where does citric acid cycle occur
mitochondria
73
Does citric acid cycle produce ATP directly
No
74
What is the point of citric acid cycle
It removes e-’s and passes them on to form NADH and FADH2
75
What is acetyl coA oxidised from
pyruvate from glycolysis or fatty acids
76
Series of reactions of 3 subunit pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme to form acetyl coA
decarboxylation of the pyruvate molecule, oxidation, transfer of the CoA
77
Pyruvate to acetly coA also produces
2 electrons through NADH intermediates
78
How many subunits does pyruvate dehydrogenase
three
79
what do the intermediate molecules that make up the citric cycle
constant
80
How many turn of the citric cycle per molecule
two
81
what is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated by
ATP
82
To much ATP inhibits what
pyruvate dehydrogenase
83
what enzymes control the re-direction of cellular resources
α-ketoglutarate | isocitrate dehydrogenase
84
what happens when isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited as a control point in the citric cycle
there is build up citrate that is shuttled back into cytoplasm activating phosphofructokinase to stop glycolysis
85
what is the result of deactivating α-ketoglutarate in citric cycle
build up ketoglutarate which is then used for the production of amino acids
86
what pathway is citric acid
amphibolic pathway
87
what is amphibolic
serves both catabolic and anabolic processes
88
what happens when energy needs are met through citric acid cycle
intermediates produce the building blocks of nucleotide bases, heme groups and proteins
89
Build up of acetly CoA triggers what reaction
Pyruvate carboxylase converting pyruvate to oxalocaetate
90
What is there an increased concentration of when energy demands are met
Acetly coA
91
Over production of ATP cause what pathway
pyruvate to oxalocaetate to produce glucose
92
what is anaplerotic reactions
form the intermediates of a metabolic pathway
93
pyruvate to oxalocaetate to produce glucose is an example of what reaction
anaplerotic reaction

Medicine Term One (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions