Storing using genetic information

Question 1

Define phenotype

Answer 1

the outward physical genes expressed

Question 2

Define genotype

Answer 2

The full hereditary information of an organism

Question 3

What is DNA a chain of

Answer 3

Nucleotide monomers

Question 4

What is a nucleotide composed of

Answer 4

Deoxyribose
Base
Phosphate group

Question 5

Why is it deoxyribose the sugar in DNA

Answer 5

Bonds are more attracted to each other due to reduced polarity making DNA more stable as harder to separate

Question 6

what is the structure of DNA

and the direction

Answer 6

Double helix

right hand twist

Question 7

What are the four bases of DNA

Answer 7

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

Question 8

What are the bonds that join the bases

and What is the the pairing of DNA bases

Answer 8

Hydrogen
Adenine - thymine
Cytosine - guanine

Question 9

What maintains the shape of the DNA double helix

Answer 9

Sugar phosphate backbone

Question 10

Where does DNA replication take place

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

What direction is DNA synthesis

Answer 11

5-3 direction

Question 12

What are the steps of DNA replication

Answer 12

1. Enzymes break hydrogen bonds and DNA unwinds
2. New nucleotide molecules pair with two DNA strands
3. Replication occurs in 5-3 direction by enzyme DNA polymerase on leading strand
4. Lagging strand replicated in fragments which are then joined by DNA ligase and DNA polymerase adding on Nucleotides

Question 13

What does it mean that DNA is bidirectional

Answer 13

5 prime to 3 prime DNA run antiparallel to each other

Question 14

What is the fragmentation called in DNA replication

Answer 14

okazaki

Question 15

How is DNA replication semi-conservative

Answer 15

one half of DNA made is new where the other strand is old DNA

Question 16

What are the codon region in DNA

Answer 16

exons

Question 17

How is the base sequence of DNA transcribed into RNA

Answer 17

1. mRNA enters nucleus and transcribes DNA with nucleotides coding only with the exons
2. mRNA then is transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 18

What is it called when mRNA only codes exons and eliminates introns

Answer 18

alternative splicing

Question 19

What happens post transcription

Answer 19

The base sequences frames are read and segmented into each 3 bases create a codon specific for a particular amino acid

Question 20

What happens in the translation of mRNA

Answer 20

1. mRNA binds to ribosomes (rRNA) in the cytoplasm
2. tRNA binds anticodons to mRNA coding sequence
3. tRNA then brings in specific amino acids
4. passes amino acid along forming peptide chain
5. Peptide chain is then transported to golgi apparatus where they are synthesised and packaged into proteins

Question 21

Where is ribosome/rRNA produced

Answer 21

nucleus

Question 22

What is degeneracy

Answer 22

more than one codon codes for an amionacid

Question 23

What can a single point mutation cause

Answer 23

dysfunctional protein

Question 24

Example of a single point mutation

Answer 24

sickle cell anaemia

Question 25

what is a polysome

Answer 25

several ribosomes translating mRNA at the same time