Acute inflammation 2

Question 1

What are the immediate systemic effects of acute inflammation

Answer 1

Pyrexia
Nausea, feeling unwell etc
neutrophilia - raised WBC count

Question 2

What are the long term systemic effects of acute inflammation

Answer 2

lymphadenopathy - enlargement of lymph’s
Weight loss
anemia

Question 3

What are the five possible outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 3

Resolution 
Suppuration 
Organisation 
Dissemination 
Chronic Inflammation

Question 4

What is the best possible outcome of acute inflammation

Answer 4

Resolution as inflammation is resolved and everything returns to normal

Question 5

What is Suppuration

Answer 5

Pus formation

Question 6

What is pus composed of

Answer 6

dead tissue, organisms, exudate, neutrophils, fibrin, red cells, debris

Question 7

What surrounds pus

Answer 7

Pyogenic membrane

Question 8

What causes an abscess

Answer 8

collection of pus under pressure

Question 9

What happens when multiloculated abscess is burst

Answer 9

pus bursts through pyogenic membrane and forms be cavity

Question 10

What happens when pus bursts through single locule

Answer 10

Pus bursts out and then collapses

Question 11

What is empyema

Answer 11

Pus in a hollow viscus

Question 12

What is pyaemia

Answer 12

Pus discharge into blood stream

Question 13

What is Organisation

Answer 13

Healing and repair of acute inflammation leading to fibrosis (scars)

Question 14

What tissue causes the formation of scars

Answer 14

granulation

Question 15

How is granulation tissue formed

Answer 15

New capillaries
Fibroblasts + collagen
Macrophages

Question 16

What is fibrosis

Answer 16

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue

Question 17

What is dissemination

Answer 17

Spread of acute inflammation to the bloodstream causing patient to become septic

Question 18

Define: Septicaemia

Answer 18

Growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 19

What are the clinical features of septic shock

Answer 19

peripheral vasodilatation
tachycardia - high heart rate
hypotension - low blood pressure
often pyrexia
sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash

Question 20

How does tacycardia occur in septic shock

Answer 20

Mediators enter plasma and cause vasodilation decreasing systemic vascular resistance, so stroke volume decreases therefore to maintain cardiac output heart rate must increases

Question 21

How is pyrexia caused in septic shock

Answer 21

By bacterial endotoxin acting on hypothalamus

Question 22

What happens when compensation fails in septic shock

Answer 22

The vascular resistance to low, BP falls and cardiac output cannot be maintained

Question 23

What is the result of septic shock

Answer 23

Tissue hypoxia (death)
Loss of organ function
Haemorrhage
Can be fatal

Question 24

What is mediators

Answer 24

important substances control the processes of acute inflammation

Question 25

Where can mediators be found

Answer 25

endothelial cells (lining the blood vessels)
Released from cells
Inacrive molecules in the plasma

Question 26

What are the effects of mediators

Answer 26

Vasodilation 
Increased permeability 
Cause adhesion of neutrophils 
chemotaxis 
itch and pain

Question 27

What is the two roles of plasma protein in inflammation

Answer 27

forms fibrin and clots exudate

immunoglobulins in plasma specific for antigen

Question 28

What do cell surface mediators do

Answer 28

Help neutrophils stick

Question 29

Give examples of molecules released as mediators

Answer 29

Histamine 
Serotonin (platelets) 
Cytokines 
Nitric oxide - smooth muscle relaxation 
oxygen free radicals

Question 30

Blood coagulating pathway which clots fibrinogen in exudate is in dynamic balance with what other pathway

Answer 30

Fibrinolysis

breaks down fibrin to helps maintain blood supply

Question 31

What does the kinin system do

Answer 31

trigger pain

Question 32

What does the complement cascade do

Answer 32

Increases permeability
Chemotaxis
phagocytosis
cell breakdown