Tumour pathology 1&2 Flashcards
Define tumour
Abnormal growing mass of tissue
What are the two types of tumours
Benign and Malignant
Define cancer
The ability to invade into adjacent tissue and to spread and grow at other sites within the body
What is a benign tumour called in Glandular and Squamos tissue
Adenoma
Squamos papiloma
Where does no benign form of tumour exist but only malignant
White blood cells
Lymphoid tissue
CNS
PNS
What is the benign nomenclature of bone, fat and fibrous tissue
Osteoma
Lipoma
Fibroma
In epithelia tissue what is a malignant tumour called
Adeno Carcinoma
Squamos carcinoma
What is a malignant tumour called in WBC
Leukaemia
What is a malignant tumour called in lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
What is a malignant tumour called in CNS
astrocytoma
What is a malignant tumour called in Peripheral NS
schwannoma
What are germ cell tumours called
Teratoma
What teratoma is benign
Ovarian
What teratoma is malignant
testicular
What are the features of Benign tumours
Non invasive growth pattern
encapsulated
Does not spread
What are the features of Malignant tumours
Invasive growth pattern
No capsule
Spread of cancer
Loss of normal function
What are the 4 properties of cancer cells
Altered genetics
Altered cellular function
Abnormal morphology
Independent growth
What altered cellular functions result in tumour formation
Loss of tumour suppressor genes
Gain function of oncogenes
What is an oncogene
A mutation of a proto-oncongne that stimulates cell division
How is cellular function altered in cancer cells
Loss of cell- cell/ cell - matrix adhesion
What are the three tumour biomarkers
Onco fetal protein
oncogenes
growth factor and receptors
What is a onco fetal protein
A protein that is showed expression in prenatal but switched of post natal until tumour present
What is often present and abnormal in cancer cells
mitoses
How are tumour biomarkers used
To diagnose, prognose and predict treatment
What is the main abnormality in cancer cells
Morphology
Define Angiogenesis
Cell growth
What happens in tumour angiogenesis to sustain tumour growth
New blood vessel formation
what do blood vessels provide tumour with
route to enter cancer cells into circulation
What regulates tumour growth
apoptosis
What two ways can cancer be spread by
Invasiveness - surrounding tissue
Metastasis - other parts of the body
How are secondary tumours produced
through metastasis
What are the routes cancer can be spread
Local
Lymphatic
Blood
Trans colomic spread
What is the pathway of local spread
malignant tumour
invasion into connective tissue
Invasion into lymph/BV
What is transcoelomic spread of cancer
spread of tumour cells across bod cavities
What size must a tumour roughly be to be clinically found
5mm
What pleural cavity does transcoelomic metastasis occur
Lungs
Where in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity does transcoelomic metastasis occur
stomach, colon and ovary
What is metastasis not related to
Blood flow
Common sites of metastasis
Liver Adrenal gland Brain Lung Bone
