Tumour pathology 1&2

Question 1

Define tumour

Answer 1

Abnormal growing mass of tissue

Question 2

What are the two types of tumours

Answer 2

Benign and Malignant

Question 3

Define cancer

Answer 3

The ability to invade into adjacent tissue and to spread and grow at other sites within the body

Question 4

What is a benign tumour called in Glandular and Squamos tissue

Answer 4

Adenoma

Squamos papiloma

Question 5

Where does no benign form of tumour exist but only malignant

Answer 5

White blood cells
Lymphoid tissue
CNS
PNS

Question 6

What is the benign nomenclature of bone, fat and fibrous tissue

Answer 6

Osteoma
Lipoma
Fibroma

Question 7

In epithelia tissue what is a malignant tumour called

Answer 7

Adeno Carcinoma

Squamos carcinoma

Question 8

What is a malignant tumour called in WBC

Answer 8

Leukaemia

Question 9

What is a malignant tumour called in lymphoid tissue

Answer 9

Lymphoma

Question 10

What is a malignant tumour called in CNS

Answer 10

astrocytoma

Question 11

What is a malignant tumour called in Peripheral NS

Answer 11

schwannoma

Question 12

What are germ cell tumours called

Answer 12

Teratoma

Question 13

What teratoma is benign

Answer 13

Ovarian

Question 14

What teratoma is malignant

Answer 14

testicular

Question 15

What are the features of Benign tumours

Answer 15

Non invasive growth pattern
encapsulated
Does not spread

Question 16

What are the features of Malignant tumours

Answer 16

Invasive growth pattern
No capsule
Spread of cancer
Loss of normal function

Question 17

What are the 4 properties of cancer cells

Answer 17

Altered genetics
Altered cellular function
Abnormal morphology
Independent growth

Question 18

What altered cellular functions result in tumour formation

Answer 18

Loss of tumour suppressor genes

Gain function of oncogenes

Question 19

What is an oncogene

Answer 19

A mutation of a proto-oncongne that stimulates cell division

Question 20

How is cellular function altered in cancer cells

Answer 20

Loss of cell- cell/ cell - matrix adhesion

Question 21

What are the three tumour biomarkers

Answer 21

Onco fetal protein
oncogenes
growth factor and receptors

Question 22

What is a onco fetal protein

Answer 22

A protein that is showed expression in prenatal but switched of post natal until tumour present

Question 23

What is often present and abnormal in cancer cells

Answer 23

mitoses

Question 24

How are tumour biomarkers used

Answer 24

To diagnose, prognose and predict treatment

Question 25

What is the main abnormality in cancer cells

Answer 25

Morphology

Question 26

Define Angiogenesis

Answer 26

Cell growth

Question 27

What happens in tumour angiogenesis to sustain tumour growth

Answer 27

New blood vessel formation

Question 28

what do blood vessels provide tumour with

Answer 28

route to enter cancer cells into circulation

Question 29

What regulates tumour growth

Answer 29

apoptosis

Question 30

What two ways can cancer be spread by

Answer 30

Invasiveness - surrounding tissue

Metastasis - other parts of the body

Question 31

How are secondary tumours produced

Answer 31

through metastasis

Question 32

What are the routes cancer can be spread

Answer 32

Local
Lymphatic
Blood
Trans colomic spread

Question 33

What is the pathway of local spread

Answer 33

malignant tumour
invasion into connective tissue
Invasion into lymph/BV

Question 34

What is transcoelomic spread of cancer

Answer 34

spread of tumour cells across bod cavities

Question 35

What size must a tumour roughly be to be clinically found

Answer 35

5mm

Question 36

What pleural cavity does transcoelomic metastasis occur

Answer 36

Lungs

Question 37

Where in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity does transcoelomic metastasis occur

Answer 37

stomach, colon and ovary

Question 38

What is metastasis not related to

Answer 38

Blood flow

Question 39

Common sites of metastasis

Answer 39

Liver 
Adrenal gland 
Brain 
Lung 
Bone