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Medicine Term One > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A 
Major energy source 
Storage 
Structural
Protective 
Cell- cell communication
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2
Q

Storage from of carbohydrate is

A

glycogen

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3
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

Monomer of 6 C sugars (simplest form)

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4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, glactose and fructose

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5
Q

disaccharides

A

from monomers that are linked by glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

how do covalent bonds from in disaccharides

A

hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide reacts with anomeric carbon of another monosaccharide

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7
Q

What’s an anomeric carbon

A

carbons mirror images of each other

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8
Q

What does anomeric carbon do

A

(stabilises glucose)

allows oxidation

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9
Q

anomeric carbon can be either

A

alpha or beta

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10
Q

Name the 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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11
Q

reducing sugar can

A

readily oxidised

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12
Q

Breakdown form of starch is

A

maltose

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13
Q

How is lactose formed

A

glycosidic bond between galactose and glucose

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14
Q

Lactose and Maltose are both what?

A

Reducing sugar

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15
Q

Whats sugar is only made in plants

A

sucrose

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16
Q

if anomeric carbon is available for oxidation that makes a

A

reducing sugar

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17
Q

What is an example of a nonreducing sugar

A

sucrose

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18
Q

what is a polysaccharides?

A

polymer of reoccurring monosaccharide monomers

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19
Q

A polymer with a single monomeric species is called a

A

Homopolysaccharides

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20
Q

what are heteropolysaccharides

A

polymers that have two or more monomer species

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21
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and Glycogen

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22
Q

What are the two types of glucose polymers in starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

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23
Q

What are glucose residues linkage in amylose

A

α1→4

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24
Q

What is the difference of amylopectin to amylose

A

Has additional branched linkage α1→6 (every 24-30 residues)

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25
Does starch have lots of reducing ends?
No has a lot of nonreducing ends
26
what structure does amylose and amylopectin form
alpha helix
27
What is the linkage in glycogen
glucose (α1→4) linked sub-units | (α1→6) branches every 8 to 12 residues
28
Why can glycogen release glucose so rapidly
Due to many branching of nonreducing ends
29
Polymers in solutions are
osmotically inactive
30
Glucose transformed into glycogen because
can store high concentration of glucose without impacting osmocity of cells
31
Whats are glycoproteins
Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached
32
Carbohydrates attached to proteins do what?
Increases the proteins solubility Influence protein folding and conformation Protect it from degradation Act as communication between cells
33
what are glycosaminoglycans composed of
Un-branched polymers made from repeating units of hexuronic acid and an amino-sugar,
34
what is the function of glycosaminoglycans
forms parts of extracellular mucuses and synovial fluid
35
Where are proteoglycans found?
found on the surface of cells or in between cells in the extracellular matrix
36
What do proteoglycans form part of
connective tissue
37
where are glycoproteins found
found on the outer plasma membrane extra cellular matrix, blood and within cells in the secretory system
38
What is Mucopolysaccharidoses
Genetic disorder caused by the absence of enzyme that breaks down glycosaminoglycans
39
examples of mucopolysaccharidoses disorders
Hurler syndromes
40
Symptoms of Hurler syndrome
Clouding degradation of cornea, arterial wall thickens and causes inflammation and dementia
41
How is dementia caused due to mucopolysaccharidoses
increase in glycosaminoglycans causes a build up of Cerebrospinal fluid
42
First digestion of carbohydrates takes place where with what enzyme acting on substrate
Mouth as Salivary amylase hydrolyses | (α1→4) bonds of starch
43
Main products of carbohydrate digestion
glucose, glactose and fructose
44
Glucose passes through intestinal lumen and absorbed in the blood following low NA ion concentration by an
Indirect ATP powered process
45
What happens when blood glucose concentration is high
Glucose is still powered across the lumen into the blood
46
How does fructose cross lumen membrane and into the blood
Binds to the channel protein GLUT5, moving down conc gradient
47
What happens to polymers that can't be digested by the gut
Increase faecal bulk
48
What are polymers broken down by and yield proceeded
Gut bacteria, CH4 and H2
49
Disaccaride deficiencies due to
generic or damage to gut wall or intestine
50
Characteristics of Disaccaride deficiencies
abdominal distension and cramps
51
Example of Disaccaride deficiencies
Lactose intolerance
52
absence of enzyme lactase causes what
Lactose intolerance
53
How is lactose broken down with disaccharide deficiency
By gut bacteria
54
How can lactose intolerance cause diarrhoea
as Lactose osmotically inactive, therefore draw water from the gut into the lumen
55
What happens when glucose enter the portal blood
immediately phosphorylated into glucose 6 phosphate
56
What is the purpose of G6P
traps glucose in the cell
57
Glucose phosphorylation enzymes
Glucokinase | Hexokinase
58
where is Glucokinase found
the liver
59
which Glucose phosphorylation enzymes catalyses high glucose concentration
Glucokinase
60
Hexokinase properties ie Km and Vmax
Low Km, grab glucose efficiently | Low Vmax, tissues only phosphorylate glucose at lower concentrations
61
What is the3 pathways of G6P
glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway glycogenesis
62
What is not present in skeletal muscle
G6P
63
Glycogen formed from
covalently binding extending chains chains then broken by glycogen-branching enzyme and re-attached via (α1→6) bonds to give branch points
64
Glycogen phosphorylase removes what from glycogen
G1P
65
Enzyme debranching enzymes help release glucose by
removing 3 glucose residues on branch and attaching to nonreducing end by alpha 1-4 bond, forming more of a straight chain
66
How is glucose finally removed from glycogen
Glucosidase removes the final Glc by breaking a (α1→6) linkage
67
what si left at the end of glycogen degradation
unbranched chain
68
what happens to glycogen in the liver compared to muscle
Liver, glucose 6 phosphatase produces glucose | muscle, glycolysis produces lactate giving ATP
69
von Gierke’s disease cause and symptoms
glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency, low glucose level high lactic acid level
70
Skeletal muscle phosphorylase deficiency causing an inability to meet glucose demand of exercise is the cause of what disease
McArdles

Medicine Term One (59 decks)

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