Principles of immunisation Flashcards
What is natural active immunity
Your body own immune response
What is naturally passive immunity
Mother to child placental transferal of antibodies
What is artificial passive immunity
Direct antibodies
Transferal of T cells
What is artificially active immunity
Vaccination
When would you give someone artificially passive immunity
for rapid response on past exposure
Define Vaccination
administrating antigenic material to stimulate immune response so memory cells are produced and therefore in second exposure immune system is effective and rapid
What is the benefit of active immunity
memory cells produced
What antibody is first in response to an infection
IgM
What antibody is ready for secondary exposure
IgG
How are live organism made less pathogenic to be able to give as a vaccination
They are attenuated by repeated passage in cell culture generations
What is the disadvantage to attenuated live organisms
to dangerous, as can revert back to virulent form and cause disease
Name all the different types of vaccinations
Live attenuated vaccine Inactivated vaccine Acellular vaccine Toxiod vaccine Subunit vaccine Conjugate vaccine DNA vaccines
What are inactived vaccines
When a dead disease ridden microbe is injected stimulating an immune response
What is the advantage and disadvantage of inactivated vaccine
adv. More stable than live vaccine
dis. Stimulate a weaker immune system response than do live vaccines (may need several boosters)
Define what an adjuvant is
Enhances bodies immune response to an antigen
What is a cellular vaccine
Give the antigenic part of the disease causing organism
Advantages and disadvantages to cellular vaccine
Adv. cannot cause the disease
Dis. Needs booster shots, as doesn’t produce strong immune repose
Who is the cellular vaccination most beneficial to
immunocompromised patients
When is Toxoid Vaccination given and how does it work
Used when bacterial toxin is main cause of illness
patient is given an inactivated toxin (treated with formalin)
that tigers immune reopens to produce antibodies to block toxin
What is a Subunit vaccine and its advantage
Use the bit of a disease causing organism that stimulates the immune response e.g. epitope
(lowers adverse reaction)
What is a conjugate vaccine
Teaches immune system to recognise polysaccharide of a disease causing organism
What is a DNA vaccine
Inject genes of disease into the body, highjacking intracellularly so cell surface secretes the DNAs antigen and displays is
Advantage of DNA vaccine
evokes a strong antibody response
cannot cause the disease
What adjuvant is commonly used in humans and why?
Aluminium salts
Cause only mild inflammatory response
generate memory
